Download comprehensive biochemistry

COMPREHENSIVE
BIOCHEMISTRY
EDITED BY
MARCEL FLORKIN
Professor of Biochemistry, University of Liege (Belgium)
AND
ELMER H. STOTZ
Professor of Biochemistry, University of Rochester, School of Medicine
and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y. (U.S.A.)
VOLUME 29 PART B
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
(continued)
ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM • LONDON
1975
NEW YORK
CONTENTS
VOLUME 2 9 B
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
(continued)
General Preface
Preface to Section IV
Errata and Corrigenda to Vol. 29A
vii
viii
xiii
Chapter HI. Biochemical Evolution in Bacteria
by J. DE LEY AND K. KERSTERS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Introduction
Origin of bacteria
Evolution of bacteria
The relative time-scale
l.DNArelatedness
a. The Enterobacteriaceae
b. Agrobacterium
2. Evolution of metabolic processes
a. Thecyy of metabolic pathway evolution
b. Catabolism of carbohydrates
c. Catabolism of aromatic compounds by Pseudomonads
d. Energy conservation
:
e. Control mechanisms
(() Allosteric regulation of DHAP synthase, 20 - (ii) Allosteric regulation of
citrate synthase, 24 - (Hi) Different induction patterns for the same overall
metabolic pathway, 25 —
f. CO 2 fixation in chemo- and photo-autotrophic bacteria
(i) Mechanism of CO 2 incorporation, 26 - (i/) ATP production in photoautotrophs; photosystems I and II, 27 g. Biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles
h. Gram character and cell-hull structure
(i) Cell-wall peptidoglycans, 32 - (ii) The peptides, 33 - (Hi) Bacterial phosphatides, 36 i. Pathways of more general occurrence
(;') Biosynthesis of lysine, 38 - (ii) Patterns and biosynthesis of some lipids, 38 3. Relationship of proteins
.'
a. Structure and amino acid sequences of low molecular weight proteins . . . .
(i) Cytochrome c, 40 - (ii) Iron-sulphur proteins, 50 - (Hi) Flavodoxin, 65 - (iv)
Thioredoxin, 66 - (v) Azurin, 66 - (vi) Nuclease, 67 b.Electrophoretic analysis of cellular proteins and enzymes
(() Protein profiles, 68 - (ii) Zymograms, 69 -
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26
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38
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40
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Acknowledgements
71
References
72
X
CONTENTS
Chapter IV. Biochemical Evolution in Animals
by MARCEL FLORKIN
Introduction
I. Animal evolution
A. Short survey of animal systematics and phylogeny
B. Drawing phylogenetic trees from amino acid sequences
C. Animal paleobiochemistry
II. The genetic loss or repression of biosemes in animals
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81
81
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89
99
III. Amino acids and their polymers in the biochemical evolution of animals
101
A. Introduction
101
B. Evolution of protein synthesis in animals
102
1. Introduction
102
2. Lineages of proteins and peptides
103
3. Scaffolding proteins
104
4. Biosyntagms involving a proteolytic bioseme
107
a. The trypsin lineage
107
b. Mammalian pancreatic proteolytic enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase 108
c. Trypsinopeptides
117
d. Thrombin and plasmin in the context of the evolution of the system of
blood clotting in animals
122
(i) Hemolymph coagulation in Arthropoda, 122 - (ii) Vertebrates, 123 - (in)
Fibrinopeptides, 125 e. Other proteins of the trypsin family
129
f. Proteolytic enzymes not related to trypsin
130
5. The lineage: Ribonuclease-lysozyme-lactosesynthetase
130
a. Commutation in the diachronic molecular epigenesis from animal lysozyme
to lactose synthetase
137
b. Rate of epigenesis
140
6. Insulin
140
7. Hypophyseal hormones
:
142
8. Neurohypophyseal hormones
145
9. Myoglobin and hemoglobin
147
a. Introduction
147
b. Comparison of hemoglobin chains
148
c. Tertiary structure
148
d. Molecular diachronic epigenesis in primate hemoglobins . '
156
e. Hemoglobin derivation from myoglobin in diachronic molecular epigenesis 157
10. Immunoglobulins
160
a. Non-self recognition in vertebrates
160
C. Extensions on the pathways of amino acid biosynthesis
166
11. Extensions on the pathway of arginine biosynthesis
166
a. Introduction
166
b. Ureogenesis
167
c. The meaning of ureogenesis
170
1
d. A terminal extension on the primary biosyntagm of arginine biosynthesis 172
CONTENTS
XI
12. Extensions on the pathways of the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids . . .
a. Introduction
b. Derivatives of phenylalanine and tyrosine
(/) Tanning agents in Arthropoda, 174 - (ii) Iodinated thyronines, 176 - (Hi)
From phenylalanine and tyrosine to phenylalkylamines, 177 c. Tryptophan derivatives
(i) From tryptophan to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and other
indolealkylamines, 177 - (ii) From tryptophan to ommochromes, 179 —
D. Physiological radiations of free amino acids
13. Free amino acids as compensatory osmotic effectors in marine invertebrate
tissues
14. Free amino acids as osmolar constituents of hemolymph and tissues of insects
15. Variations of the free amino acid pool of insect hemolymph during development,
metamorphosis and cocoon spinning
16. Diapause
17. Free amino acids and intracellular isosmotic regulation in euryhaline invertebrates
a. Introduction
b. Mechanism of the participation of free amino acids in the isosmotic intracellular regulation of Crustacea
174
174
174
IV. Diversification in animals at the level of the central metabolic biosyntagm . . . .
A. Introduction
B. Lateral extensions on the glycolytic pathway
18. Chitin pathway
a. Chitin biosynthesis
b. Regressive evolution of chitin biosynthesis
c. Physiological radiations of chitin
d. Regressive evolution in chitinolysis
19. Trehalose biosynthesis
20. Sustained flight in bees and flies
21. Glycerol production in diapausing insects
22. Heat generation in bumblebees (Bombus vagans)
23. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate formation in mammalian erythrocytes
24. Pathway from glucose to fructose in mammalian foetus and spermatozoa . .
C. The evolution of the intracellular pathway of hydrogen transport
25. Introduction
26. Provisions for exploiting anoxic environments .
27. Cold adaptation in homeotherms
28. Brown adipose tissue (brown fat)
29. Loss of respiratory chain in trypanosomes of the brucei group
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196
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202
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204
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205
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205
206
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V. Some extensions on the terpenoid and steroid pathways of animals
A. Introduction
B. Loss of the capacity to synthesize sterols
C. Terminal extensions from lanosterol
30. Steroid neurotoxins of echinoderms
31. Steroid neurotoxins of amphibians
32., Cardiac-active steroids in toad skin
33. Steroids produced as defensive secretions by water beetles
34. Insect and crustacean ecdysones
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185
185
189
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207
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208
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210
211
XII
CONTENTS
D. Lateral extensions
35. Insect juvenile hormone
36. Terpenoid coactones used by insects
E. Physiological radiations
37. A physiological radiation of ecdysone
38. Physiological radiations of carotenoids and their derivatives
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215
Acknowledgements
219
References
220
Chapter V. Ideas and Experiments in the Field of Prebiological
Chemical Evolution
by MARCEL FLORKIN
1. Heterogeny (spontaneous generation)
2. Agenesis or the origin of life
3. The primitive atmosphere
4. Synthesis of monomers and of polymers
5. The proteinoid theory of the origin of life
6. The gene hypothesis of theorigin of life. Nucleic acids before proteins
7. The thermodynamics of the irreversible processes and the origin of life
8. Epistemological aspects
231
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242
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244
252
254
256
References
259
Subject Index
261