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Perfect Passive Participles
An adjective made from a verb
P.P.P.

Perfect: it has already happened

Passive: action has happened to the
noun

Participle: an adjective made from a
verb
The 4th principal part of a verb
Portatus – carried, having been carried
 Doctus – taught, having been taught
 Missus – sent, having been sent
 Captus – seized, having been seized
 Auditus – heard, having been heard

In a sentence…
It acts like any other adjective, describing
a noun or as a substantive
 Agrees in case, number, and gender with
any noun in the sentence
 BUT it can be accompanied by
prepositional phrases between the noun
and participle

Translate:
 Mater
liberorum amissorum ad
casam properabat.
 Mater
liberorum in silvā amissorum
ad casam properabat.
Ablative of agent
a / ab in a prepositional phrase with
anything passive takes on the meaning
by
This use of ab with a passive is called
ablative of agent
It expresses the doer/agent of the action
Translate:
 Rex
 Rex
captus servos liberavit.
a barbaris captus servos
liberavit.
Translate:
 Verba
facta audietis.
 Verba
a magistrā facta audietis.
Translate:
 In
viā munitā ambulabimus.
viā a Romanis munitā
ambulabimus.
 In
Other Participles
There are also present active participles:
In English: the jumping frog
 In Latin these are made by adding –ns
(genitive: -ntis) to the present stem of
verbs
 They are declined as 3rd declension
adjectives
Rana ambulans equum currentem vidit.

Other Participles
There are also future active participles:
In English: the frog about to jump
 In Latin these are made by adding –urbefore the ending of the p.p.p.
 They are declined as 1st-2nd declension
adjectives

Rana ambulaturus equum cursurum vidit.
The Mystery

Have you noticed that some verbs list
the future active participle instead of the
p.p.p. as the 4th principal part?

Why do some verbs not have a p.p.p?

Extra credit bonus points if you email me
the answer.
Translating participles in clauses

Instead of translating a p.p.p. as having been
carried you can turn that one word into a
whole clause using one of the following words
to start it:
Who
When
After
Since
Because
Although
Aspect of time





When participles are translated as clauses,
they take on aspect of time.
They only exist relative to the tense of the
main verb in the sentence.
Past participles have happened before the
main verb.
Present participles happen at the same time
as the main verb.
Future participles will happen after the main
verb.
Translate:


Rex a barbaris captus servos liberavit.
The king, after he had been captured by
the foreigners, freed the slaves.
 The king, since he had been captured by
the foreigners, freed the slaves.
 The king, although he had been captured
by the foreigners, freed the slaves.
 The king, who had been captured by the
foreigners, freed the slaves.