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PARTICIPLES What is a participle? A participle is a verbal adjective, which means that it agrees with a noun/pronoun in number, case and gender. Meet the participles Present active (= “_______ing”) Denotes an action occurring at the same time as the main verb. Can be translated by ‘…ing’ but also by ‘while’, ‘since,’ ‘although.’ Can also be used as a substantive (i.e. doing the job of a noun) – e.g. amans ‘a loving person’ = a lover. Recognize by -ns or -nt- on the present stem of the verb. Endings are the same as 3rd declension adjectives. abierunt illi ridentes. lupum in silvam intrantem conspeximus. They went away laughing. We caught sight of the wolf going into the wood. Perfect passive (= “having been ______ed”) Denotes an action completed before that of the main verb. In most grammar books, this appears as the 4th principal part of a Latin verb. Translates literally as ‘having been…’ (i.e. it’s past and it’s passive) but this phrase will not often make its way into your final translation. It can be helpful, however, to have it in mind as you begin to translate. Declines like bonus. coquus vocatus a convivis laudatus est. When he had been summoned, the cook was praised by the guests. (Literally: “Having been summoned, the cook…”) (Also remember that deponent verbs have a past participle with an active meaning. See below.) Future active (= “about to ________”) Denotes an action that will take place after the main verb. Translates literally as ‘about to…’ but also ‘about to…’, ‘intending to…’, determined to…’, ‘on the point of…’. Recognise by -ur- within the 4th principle part of the verb. E.g. amaturus, missurus. una ex ancillis ad tabernam profecta est panem emptura. One of the slave girls set out for the shop (intending) to buy bread. Participles of Deponent Verbs Deponent verbs also have present, future and past participles, but present and future have an active form (which is odd, as deponents normally look passive). All deponent participles are active in meaning. Regular verbs (e.g., amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love) Active Passive Present amāns, amantis “loving” ––––––––– Perfect ––––––––– amātus, -a, -um “having been loved” Future amātūrus, -a, -um “about to love” ––––––––– Deponent Verbs (e.g. loquor, loquī, locūtus, -a, um to speak) Active Passive Present loquēns, loquentis “speaking” ––––––––– Perfect locūtus, -a, -um “having spoken” ––––––––– Future locūtūrus, -a, -um “about to speak” –––––––––