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107B Exam 1 Review
January 21, 2010
**KNOW THIS**
Neuron doctrine – neurons are the ____________________ unit of brain, carrying out
function to produce perceptions and actions, thoughts and emotions. Neurons take in info,
decide whether or not to fire __________________ to signal other _____________. Passing
info around brain is as close as we can come to say what is perception, action, thought. Beyond
neurons, all philosophy.
Glial cells contribute to electrical dynamics of brain. Neuron doctrine is not absolute.
Gap junctions – electrical currents flow between cells, not based on
chemistry/neurotransmitters. Violates law of dynamic polarization. (not on exam)
Some signals travel “backwards” in neuron. (not on exam)
**KNOW THIS**
Topographic representation – examples: ___________________________________
Neurons respond to stimulus _____________, mapped out in a _____________ fashion over
some ____________ of the brain.
Neurons adjacent to each other in brain will respond to same stimulus _____________.
**KNOW THIS**
Cortical column
Organization driven by __________________. Vertical connections define ______________.
Allows for local processing of ________________ response field.
Driven by organization, we get surround inhibition. A neuron has a response field. Center may
be excited by a particular stimulus. Stimulus on periphery may cause inhibition – driven by
dynamics within cortical column.
In vision, we have _____________ and ______________ response fields.
**KNOW THIS**
Response field – defined by area that, when exposed to stimulus, causes neuron to respond
(either by depolarization, in other words e________________ or
hyperpolarization_________________).
Somatosensory response fields can be direction sensitive. (example: surround inhibition gives
information about direction of stimulus)
EEG records coherence of firing patterns. (we’ll discuss later)
Many data representations that we’ve been looking at (e.g. response fields) show response of
______________ cells (based on voltage recordings).
Response fields carry information whose combined activity can be summed up by neurons
downstream through the process of convergence. (more on this in later lectures)
Temporal and spatial integration – Multiple synapses on a single neuron. That single neuron will
________________ the inputs. Result depends on combined excitatory and inhibitory inputs
over __________ and ____________.
**KNOW THIS**
Overlay of egocentric maps – FOUR maps in Vision
1. retinotopic map (projects to layer ______ of V1)
2. ocular dominance columns (projects to layer ______ of V1)
3. orientation tuning map (projects to layer ______ of V1)
4. koniocellular input (to layers ______ of V1)
Organized in horizontal space of cortex and vertical space (cortical column)
maps 1, 2, 3 project from layer 4 to layer 2-3 where mixed with ___________ input
(converged, no longer segregated), then back to layer 5 and out to thalamus (feedback to
sensory systems) and other cortical areas
Somatosensory inputs segregated to _____________ and ____________ (called pathways),
mixed in _______________ (as in vision and somatosensory).
Rapidly adapting (Pacinian, Meissner’s) input to layer 4, slowly adapting (Merkl) input to layer
2-3. In layer 2-3, info gets mixed (convergence, convergence of inputs from multiple neurons
on fewer neurons).
**KNOW THIS**
Static response = sustained, continuous = slowly adapting
Dynamic response = transient = rapidly adapting = register change
**KNOW THIS**
Every sensory system has both types.
**KNOW THIS**
Static response
Dynamic response
Proprioceptive
Vestibular
Somatosensory
Vision
Somatosensory dorsal root ganglion cells have unmyelinated part of axon, acts like a
______________, receives input via _____________ potentials. This dendrite is surrounded
by different types of ___________, i.e. Pacinian corpuscles, Merkl discs, Meissner corpuscles,
or the dendrite wraps around ____________ (somatosensory hair cell is a different type than
in the vestibular system)
Visual system – What and Where pathways
Beyond overlay of egocentric maps in V1, we get to V4 and _______________ differentiation
On Where pathway:
MT in parietal cortex differentiates between what is ______________ and
what is _____________ (processing _____________ inputs and contrasting with
_____________ inputs)
Different visual neurons respond to different patterns of ______________
(direction, optic flow)
VIP in parietal cortex integrates ________________ and ________________
(______________ and _________________ – both make the same VIP neuron fire)
On What pathway:
___________________ across physical attributes of stimulus, more specific “what”
information allows _________________, and increasing level of abstraction
Neurons
Properties of ion channels
**KNOW THIS**
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. ________________________
5. ________________________
Ion channels are proteins that have specific __________________ driven by biochemistry.
Neurons exist in ____________________ of these properties – a means by which brain
regulates neural activity.
Different ion channels have different length _______________, or can lack
________________. Physics of molecule determines length of ________________.