Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... application of the dye in the AOB. An important advantage of this system for obtaining selective retrograde staining is that the VNO ...
... application of the dye in the AOB. An important advantage of this system for obtaining selective retrograde staining is that the VNO ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background region. However, in such an experiment, the absence of an effect of relative disparity would be hard to interpret. It is always possibl ...
... It would have been possible to manipulate the relative disparity between the foreground and background of the RDS simply by changing the disparity of the background region. However, in such an experiment, the absence of an effect of relative disparity would be hard to interpret. It is always possibl ...
Muscimol-Induced Inactivation of Monkey Frontal Eye Field: Effects
... Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208 Dias, Elisa C. and Mark A. Segraves. Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memoryguided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2191–2214, 1999. Although neurophysiol ...
... Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208 Dias, Elisa C. and Mark A. Segraves. Muscimol-induced inactivation of the monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memoryguided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2191–2214, 1999. Although neurophysiol ...
Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo
... Pharmacology of Placebo,” in which he stated that the chosen title itself may present a “picturesque contradiction,” because by definition pharmacology is concerned with the chemical properties of drugs and their effects on biologic mechanisms. It was common knowledge at that time that the pharmacol ...
... Pharmacology of Placebo,” in which he stated that the chosen title itself may present a “picturesque contradiction,” because by definition pharmacology is concerned with the chemical properties of drugs and their effects on biologic mechanisms. It was common knowledge at that time that the pharmacol ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... discriminative control over the UCR (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Knight et al., 2010; Marcos & Redondo, 1999). Others have suggested that conscious expectations modify UCR expression (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Knight et al., 2010; Rust, 1976). For example, greater UCR diminution has been observed when ...
... discriminative control over the UCR (Baxter, 1966; Kimmel, 1967; Knight et al., 2010; Marcos & Redondo, 1999). Others have suggested that conscious expectations modify UCR expression (Dunsmoor et al., 2008; Knight et al., 2010; Rust, 1976). For example, greater UCR diminution has been observed when ...
A network of topographic numerosity maps in human
... neurons respond to stimuli with a particular numerosity, the number of objects in a set. We recently discovered a parietal topographic numerosity map where neural numerosity preferences progress gradually across the cortical surface2, analogous to sensory maps. Following this analogy, we hypothesise ...
... neurons respond to stimuli with a particular numerosity, the number of objects in a set. We recently discovered a parietal topographic numerosity map where neural numerosity preferences progress gradually across the cortical surface2, analogous to sensory maps. Following this analogy, we hypothesise ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... hindlimb nerves were transected and mounted on stimulating electrodes. Subcutaneous cuff electrodes were used for nerves accessed in the iliac fossa: quadriceps (Q) and sartorius (Sart) nerves. The remaining nerves including the posterior biceps and semitendinosus (PBST), anterior biceps and semimem ...
... hindlimb nerves were transected and mounted on stimulating electrodes. Subcutaneous cuff electrodes were used for nerves accessed in the iliac fossa: quadriceps (Q) and sartorius (Sart) nerves. The remaining nerves including the posterior biceps and semitendinosus (PBST), anterior biceps and semimem ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... neurons are the small GABAergic interneurons (1% of the population) and the large cholinergic interneurons (2%). These cholinergic neurons are thought to correspond to the physiologically defined (by extra-cellular recording) tonically active neurons TANs (9, 10). Other types of striatal interneuron ...
... neurons are the small GABAergic interneurons (1% of the population) and the large cholinergic interneurons (2%). These cholinergic neurons are thought to correspond to the physiologically defined (by extra-cellular recording) tonically active neurons TANs (9, 10). Other types of striatal interneuron ...
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far
... by the nonspecific response onset. The short presentation time also enabled us to examine these effects in a physiologically relevant time window, as the mean duration of fixations between saccades is ⬃350 ms (Gallant et al., 1998). Each stimulus was presented for 10 trials, and the response to each ...
... by the nonspecific response onset. The short presentation time also enabled us to examine these effects in a physiologically relevant time window, as the mean duration of fixations between saccades is ⬃350 ms (Gallant et al., 1998). Each stimulus was presented for 10 trials, and the response to each ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
... We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... square wave pulses. The following two stimulus paradigms were used: 1) a short burst of three pulses, 6-ms interpulse interval, 20–100 A, 1 ms duration, 0.25 Hz and 2) highfrequency train of 20 Hz for 3 s, 1 ms duration, 20–100 A. Natural stimulation of the baroreceptors was produced by the rise i ...
... square wave pulses. The following two stimulus paradigms were used: 1) a short burst of three pulses, 6-ms interpulse interval, 20–100 A, 1 ms duration, 0.25 Hz and 2) highfrequency train of 20 Hz for 3 s, 1 ms duration, 20–100 A. Natural stimulation of the baroreceptors was produced by the rise i ...
Motor imagery and higher-level cognition: four hurdles before
... studies investigating the influence of motor imagery on higher-level cognitive processes, particularly language and memory. This is an important area of study that has implications for many areas of research. A persisting theory in the field of ecological psychology is that some objects in our envir ...
... studies investigating the influence of motor imagery on higher-level cognitive processes, particularly language and memory. This is an important area of study that has implications for many areas of research. A persisting theory in the field of ecological psychology is that some objects in our envir ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
... position shift on the retina (Fig. 1b). For an inclined surface, with a linear disparity gradient, the two image patches are also compressed and/ or rotated with respect to one another; that is, they differ in spatial frequency and/or orientation (Fig. 1c). Higher-order changes in disparity, such as ...
... position shift on the retina (Fig. 1b). For an inclined surface, with a linear disparity gradient, the two image patches are also compressed and/ or rotated with respect to one another; that is, they differ in spatial frequency and/or orientation (Fig. 1c). Higher-order changes in disparity, such as ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... neuron level, responses are more robust to spatiotemporally concordant modalityspecific sensory cues (likely derived from the same event) than to either cue alone – an effect that is strongest when the cues are weakest. This multisensory enhancement effect increases event detectability and the likel ...
... neuron level, responses are more robust to spatiotemporally concordant modalityspecific sensory cues (likely derived from the same event) than to either cue alone – an effect that is strongest when the cues are weakest. This multisensory enhancement effect increases event detectability and the likel ...
Functions of the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT).
... Animals were tested with sinusoidally moving targets at various peak velocities and target amplitudes (Table 1). It should be noted that, for any specific peak velocity, the frequency increased as the target amplitude became smaller. For all conditions tested, the frequency was less than 1.0 Hz and ...
... Animals were tested with sinusoidally moving targets at various peak velocities and target amplitudes (Table 1). It should be noted that, for any specific peak velocity, the frequency increased as the target amplitude became smaller. For all conditions tested, the frequency was less than 1.0 Hz and ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (ii) the low-contrast summation RF (sRFlow; area inside solid black circle) are measured by presenting high- or low-contrast grating patches, respectively, of increasing radius, an ...
... and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (ii) the low-contrast summation RF (sRFlow; area inside solid black circle) are measured by presenting high- or low-contrast grating patches, respectively, of increasing radius, an ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... There is perhaps a tendency to assume that the amygdala alone is involved in associations between environmental stimuli and reinforcing events, especially in studies of aversive conditioning. However, not only is it clear that some forms of fear-motivated learning, such as aversive eye-blink conditi ...
... There is perhaps a tendency to assume that the amygdala alone is involved in associations between environmental stimuli and reinforcing events, especially in studies of aversive conditioning. However, not only is it clear that some forms of fear-motivated learning, such as aversive eye-blink conditi ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... was elicited at short latency by ipsilateral VRG microstimulation. We were unable to determine if these unitary responses were due to recruitment of a neuron normally silent during inspiration or to activation of an inspirationmodulated neuron that was below threshold. Transient short latency phreni ...
... was elicited at short latency by ipsilateral VRG microstimulation. We were unable to determine if these unitary responses were due to recruitment of a neuron normally silent during inspiration or to activation of an inspirationmodulated neuron that was below threshold. Transient short latency phreni ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... by instructional cues defining relevant and irrelevant sensory features of the input stream during task performance. In typical paradigms of selective attention, the sensory input is kept identical across trials with variations only in covert attention to different aspects of that input. In such tas ...
... by instructional cues defining relevant and irrelevant sensory features of the input stream during task performance. In typical paradigms of selective attention, the sensory input is kept identical across trials with variations only in covert attention to different aspects of that input. In such tas ...
- Wiley Online Library
... target and correct for the position mismatch between the visual axis and the object of interest (see Leigh & Kennard, 2004 for a review). Saccades are fast eye movements (up to 1000 deg s−1 ) and their duration is very short (30–80 ms). Their peak velocity, duration and amplitude show consistent rel ...
... target and correct for the position mismatch between the visual axis and the object of interest (see Leigh & Kennard, 2004 for a review). Saccades are fast eye movements (up to 1000 deg s−1 ) and their duration is very short (30–80 ms). Their peak velocity, duration and amplitude show consistent rel ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... Peng X, Sereno ME, Silva AK, Lehky SR, Sereno AB. Shape selectivity in primate frontal eye field. J Neurophysiol 100: 796 – 814, 2008. First published May 21, 2008; doi:10.1152/jn.01188.2007. Previous neurophysiological studies of the frontal eye field (FEF) in monkeys have focused on its role in sa ...
... Peng X, Sereno ME, Silva AK, Lehky SR, Sereno AB. Shape selectivity in primate frontal eye field. J Neurophysiol 100: 796 – 814, 2008. First published May 21, 2008; doi:10.1152/jn.01188.2007. Previous neurophysiological studies of the frontal eye field (FEF) in monkeys have focused on its role in sa ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... (100 ms) in the periphery. To receive a reward, the monkey had to maintain gaze at the fixation point until its extinction (500 –1500 ms) and then make a saccade to within 2–5° of the location of the remembered target (the size of the acceptable “window” was adjusted online to correspond to the ecce ...
... (100 ms) in the periphery. To receive a reward, the monkey had to maintain gaze at the fixation point until its extinction (500 –1500 ms) and then make a saccade to within 2–5° of the location of the remembered target (the size of the acceptable “window” was adjusted online to correspond to the ecce ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... studies suggest that anxiety level influences the magnitude of anticipatory and threat-related brain activation, which in turn influences the peripheral expression of emotion. Associative learning and expectancy processes are additional factors that modulate the response produced by a threat. Prior ...
... studies suggest that anxiety level influences the magnitude of anticipatory and threat-related brain activation, which in turn influences the peripheral expression of emotion. Associative learning and expectancy processes are additional factors that modulate the response produced by a threat. Prior ...
Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... Natural olfactory stimuli occur as mixtures of many single odors. We studied whether the representation of a mixture in the brain retains single-odor information and how much mixture-specific information it includes. To understand mixture representation in the honeybee brain, we used in vivo calcium ...
... Natural olfactory stimuli occur as mixtures of many single odors. We studied whether the representation of a mixture in the brain retains single-odor information and how much mixture-specific information it includes. To understand mixture representation in the honeybee brain, we used in vivo calcium ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... It is highly unlikely that palatability was confounded with intensity in our experiment, because the reliable palatability ordering within our stimulus set does not covary with any of the putative neural and behavioral measures of taste intensity, such as the extent to which each taste activates the ...
... It is highly unlikely that palatability was confounded with intensity in our experiment, because the reliable palatability ordering within our stimulus set does not covary with any of the putative neural and behavioral measures of taste intensity, such as the extent to which each taste activates the ...
Response priming
In the psychology of perception and motor control, the term response priming denotes a special form of priming. Generally, priming effects take place whenever a response to a target stimulus is influenced by a prime stimulus presented at an earlier time. The distinctive feature of response priming is that prime and target are presented in quick succession (typically, less than 100 milliseconds apart) and are coupled to identical or alternative motor responses. When a speeded motor response is performed to classify the target stimulus, a prime immediately preceding the target can thus induce response conflicts when assigned to a different response as the target. These response conflicts have observable effects on motor behavior, leading to priming effects, e.g., in response times and error rates. A special property of response priming is its independence from visual awareness of the prime.