Download Practice Exam for Semester 2, Part II Final Exam - mvhs

Practice Exam for Semester 2, Part II Final Exam
NOTE: these are just a selection of questions related to the topics covered in Semester 2. The format on
your final will be different and is not limited to the topics in these questions alone. To study for the
Semester 2, Part II final you should also review your previous exams as well as the vocab cards.
14) What is the appropriate order of blood flow in a human?
a) left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, right ventricle, right atrium
b) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle
c) left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle
d) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, left ventricle, left atrium
15) Oxygen must be delivered efficiently for cellular
respiration to occur. There are several means by which
organisms have evolved to allow this to occur. One example of efficient oxygen uptake is counter-current
exchange in the gills of fish. The following diagram shows this:
a) What letter represents blood that has the HIGHEST
amount of oxygen? ____
b) What letter represents water that has the HIGHEST
amount of oxygen? ____
Another way in which oxygen uptake can be maximized is how hemoglobin changes structure in
response to the environmental conditions.
Suppose you have the following data:
Partial Pressure
of O2 (mm Hg)
10
30
40
55
70
Number of
oxygens carried
0
1
2
3
4
c) Draw a graph on the right that shows the binding
capabilities of hemoglobin. Be sure to label each axis
properly. Label the curve "normal".
d) pH can also affect hemoglobin binding. Why would this be important to an organism (especially
related to oxygen delivery) for the pH to change hemoglobin binding capabilities? _____________
________________________________________________________________________________
e) On the graph, draw where you would expect to find hemoglobin that has been exposed to an
acidic environment. Label the curve "acidic".
f) Describe another method (or structure) by which an animal will maximize the amount of oxygen
that their respiratory systems can take up? _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
16) Insulin released from the pancreas will have all the following effects on the body (circle the appropriate
level for each statement)
a) INCREASE or DECREASE in glycogen formation
b) INCREASE or DECREASE in blood sugar levels
17) Land animals convert ammonia to either uric acid or urea. This requires energy. What are two reasons
that this is advantageous to a land animal (despite being energetically expensive)?
1-_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2-_______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
18) The human kidney's function is to produce concentrated urine. The kidney is made up of approximately
one million nephrons to help this occur. A diagram of a nephron is below.
a) On the diagram, circle where the
concentration of salt in the extracellular
environment will be HIGHEST.
b) On the diagram write "ADH" where you will
find a large amount of ADH receptors.
c) Alcohol will inhibit ADH receptors. Will
this cause an INCREASE or DECREASE in
water reabsorption by the kidney.
1) The diagram to the right shows one part of the
photosynthesis reactions.
a) How many PGAL molecules does it take to
construct one glucose? ____
b) Would the reaction of
NADPH -> NADP+ + H+
be EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?
c) Explain your answer to (b) ___________
____________________________________
____________________________________
d) If you made only the reactions of the Calvin
Cycle in a test tube with an unlimited amount
of ATP and NADPH, would you expect to see
any production of oxygen? YES or NO
e) Explain your answer to (d) ____________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
2) Rubisco is known to grab oxygen, rather than carbon dioxide in a reaction known as photorespiration.
This is inefficient for the cell. Some plants have adapted mechanisms to prevent photorespiration. A
diagram of this adaptation is below:
a) Mark an "X" where you would find the enzyme
Rubisco.
b) If the Bundle-sheath cell is not permeable to
oxygen or carbon dioxide, then how does the carbon
dioxide get into the bundle-sheath cell? __________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
c) If a plant had the cells seen to the right, would you
expect to see a stomates open during the day?
YES or NO
d) Explain your answer to (c) __________________
___________________________________________
3) You are off to your first prom date with a bouquet of flowers. Your mom had the flowers in water until
just before you left. You take them out of the water, and put them in the car. About 30 minutes later, you
arrive to pick up your date and give your date the flowers, who goes ahead and puts them in water. After the
dance, your date looks at the flowers and they have wilted. Explain why the flowers have wilted, even
though your date put them in water. _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4) Explain why water is necessary for sugar transport to occur effectively in a plant. __________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5) The diagram to the right shows the evolution of
plants over the past 500 million years.
a) What is more closely related to a conifer:
A FLOWERING PLANT or A FERN
b) What are two specific advantages that
vascular plants have that nonvascular plants
don't have?
1-____________________________
______________________________
2-____________________________
______________________________
c) On the diagram, add two lines to show how
monocots and dicots fit into this phylogeny.
6) The diagram to the right is the life cycle of a fern.
a) Match the capital letters in the diagram to
each of following three processes: FERTILIZATION,
MEIOSIS, MITOSIS.
A_____________
B_____________
C_____________
b) Is the zygote
considered HAPLOID or
DIPLOID?
c) Circle one of the
diagrams that represent a
SPOROPHYTE.
d) Put a square around
one of the diagrams that
represent a
GAMETOPHYTE.
e) If the diploid cell has
44 chromosomes, then
how many chromosomes
does the egg in this
diagram have? ______
7) A research team led by Dr. I.M. Sealy recently discovered the drug Caltizar. Caltizar causes Calcium Ion
Channels to open permanently. A biology grad student isolates some giant squid neurons to study Caltizar.
Upon adding the Caltizar to the neurons, the grad student notices that the neuron intially causes the next
neuron to fire.
a) Explain why the drug causes the next neuron to fire. ___________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b) After this initial firing, the giant squid neuron no longer causes the next neuron to fire. Explain
why this might be. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8) Researchers are trying to understand the molecular mechanisms of how memory works. One hypothesis
is that an enzyme crosses the synapse from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron. This enzyme
may cause potassium channels to close in the presynaptic neuron.
a) Would the closure of potassium channels in the axon terminal INCREASE or DECREASE the
amount of Ca2+ entering the axon terminal when an action potential is received. ________________
b) Explain your answer to (a) ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9) As a neurologist, you observe several patients with abnormal muscle tissues or synapses. For each of the
scenarios, please answer the predicted result (compared to a normal patient)
a) A patient with a wider than normal synapse between the motor neuron and muscle cell membrane.
-Would this patient have muscle contractions that are SLOWER, NORMAL, or FASTER (circle one)
-Explain your answer _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) A patient has a troponin complex that is mutated so that when bound to Ca2+, it doesn't move
tropomyosin.
-Would this patient have muscle contractions that are SLOWER, NORMAL, or FASTER (circle one)
-Explain your answer _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
10) Which order is appropriate for a portion of the path of sperm in a male?
a) prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra
c) testicle, bladder, seminal vesicle
b) testicle, vas deferens, urethra
d) scrotum, testicle, oviduct
11) Which order do developmental stages proceed in?
a) cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis
b) gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis
c) cleavage, organogenesis, gastrulation
d) gastrulation, organogenesis, cleavage
12) When a woman becomes pregnant, her body receives the proper hormonal signals to maintain the proper
environment for the embryo. Which of the following does NOT occur when a woman becomes pregnant?
a) a surge of LH and FSH causes ovulation to occur
b) the corpus luteum is maintained and continues to produce progesterone
c) the endometrium remains thick
d) HCG is released by the embryo
13) You take a sample of mesoderm tissue from a developing frog embryo to study it. Which of the
following is NOT a tissue or organ that develops from mesoderm?
a) cardiac muscle
c) skin
b) bones
d) blood
19) Interferon is a part of your non-specific immune system. It prevents the replication of viral DNA and
protein. The specific immune system will also respond to a viral infection. For each of the following
statements, state where it is part of the HUMORAL (H) response, or the CELL MEDIATED (C) response or
BOTH (B)
___ Involves MHC molecules
___ Involves Antibodies
___ Macrophages consume antigen
___ Killer T cells secrete perforin
___ Memory B cells are made
___ Involves antigens
20) Below is a chart showing the immune response compared to time. Please draw in the two lines to show
how the immune response would compare between the first exposure to a certain antigen, to the second
exposure to that same antigen.
Immune
Response
First Exposure
Second Exposure
21) Aspirin inhibits the action of platelets. Because of this, individuals who are about to undergo surgery
are advised against taking any aspirin. Which of the following will be most likely to occur if a surgery
patient takes aspirin?
a) blood vessels become weaker and will break
more easily
b) blood will not be able to clot properly
c) blood will become thicker and flow slower
d) blood pressure increases
QUESTION 7
You are studying the cellular respiration in a mouse cell.
Using the diagram below, answer the following questions.
7a) What is the net yield of ATP per glucose in glycolysis?
_______
7b) Suppose an inhibitor for the enzyme that catalyzes Step 5
is added. This inhibitor binds to location remote from the
active site. What kind of inhibitor is this-- competitive or
noncompetitive? ________________
7c) What molecule will build up as a result of this inhibitor?
__________________________
7d) Suppose a cell is depleted of oxygen. What metabolic
process will it begin after glycolysis? ______________
____________________________________________
7e)What is the purpose of this pathway? ___________
___________________________________________
7f) Is the cell in this problem a prokaryotic cell or a
eukaryotic cell? _____________________________
7g) What are two differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes. _________________________________
___________________________________________
QUESTION 8
DNP (Dinitrophenol) causes pores to form in the membrane of the mitochondria.
8a) What effect (if any) would this have on ATP production? Explain your answer. _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
8b) What effect (if any) would adding DNP have on oxygen usage by the cell (the most immediate effect)?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
8c) You discover a new drug called "Blockaid". Blockaid binds to the "stalk" of ATP synthase to prevent protons from
passing through. If you add Blockaid to a cell, what would the effect (in any) on ATP production be? Explain your
answer. ________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 9
Cellular respiration is necessary for cells to survive. The following diagram shows one of the parts of this process.
9a) This diagram shows: (circle one)
A) Glycolysis
B) Citric Acid Cycle
C) Fermentation
D) Pyruvate Oxidation
9b) Suppose there was a mutation in the enzyme "fumarase", causing it to become nonfunctional. What molecule
would build up in the cell? ________
9c) Could a cell that had this mutation still produce any ATP? Circle One Yes or No
9d) Explain your answer to (c)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
The next two diagrams show oxidative phosphorylation (also known as the electron transport chain).
9e) In an active cell, where would you find a HIGHER pH? (circle one)
A) Inner Membrane Space
B) Matrix
9f) Explain your answer to (e)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Cyanide binds to and inhibits Cytochrome a3 (labeled cyt a3) in the right diagram above. Suppose your cells have
been poisoned by cyanide.
9g) 10 minutes after poisoning, would you expect the levels of ATP to be HIGHER or LOWER than cells that
haven't been poisoned. ________________________
9h) Explain your answer to (g) _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9i) 10 minutes after poisoning, would you expect the levels of NADH to be HIGHER or LOWER than cells that
haven't been poisoned. _______________________
j) Explain your answer to (i)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
k) Name one difference between cellular respiration of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
l) A yeast cell may produce ATP by which of the following methods: (check all that apply)
___ Glycolysis
___ Alcoholic Fermentation
___ Lactic Acid Fermentation
___ Cellular Respiration
m) Why does a cell breakdown sugar using multiple steps? (why doesn't it breakdown the sugar in just one big step?)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________