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BIOLOGY AP
Exam 6 Practice Exam
Short Answer and Multiple Choice
NAME_____________________________
PER
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2
3 4
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6
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1. The following diagram shows an action potential of a neuron. For each question, you can answer with one
letter or multiple letters.
a) At which letters would you find Na+ voltage-gated
OPEN? ________
b) At which letter(s) would you find the Na+/K+ pump
WORKING? ________
c) At which letter(s) would you find K+ voltage-gated
channels OPEN? ________
d) At point F, would there be a more positive charge
on the INSIDE or OUTSIDE of the neuron?
____________
e) At point B, would you find more Na+ on the
INSIDE or OUTSIDE of the neuron? _____________
f) What is the charge (in millivolts) on the INSIDE of
a neuron when it is at rest? ___________
2. The following diagram represents the concept of counter-current exchange in fish.
a) Which point (A, B, C, or D) represents where WATER
enters the fish? _______
b) Which point represents the point at which the fish's blood
has the MOST oxygen bound to hemoglobin? ________
c) What is one disadvantage of breathing under water?
__________________________________________________
3. Birds (also known as aves) have adapted to high altitudes
through a specialized system of breathing. (3 pts)
a) Is the partial pressure of O2 in air at the altitudes where birds fly higher or lower than at sea level?
____________
b) Briefly, describe a bird's respiratory system and how it allows for birds to survive at these high altitudes.
You may add a labeled picture to your explanation if that would help. ______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Insulin released from the pancreas will have all the following effects on the body (circle the appropriate level
for each statement)
a) INCREASE or DECREASE in glycogen formation
b) INCREASE or DECREASE in blood sugar levels
5. Suppose you are studying various ion channel inhibitors in neurons. One inhibitor called "Blockage" binds
to Ca2+ ion channels and prevents them from opening. Suppose you have two neurons: 1 and 2. You treat #1
with "Blockage" and you leave #2 alone.
direction of signal
a) Suppose you open up a Na+ channel up at point B so that an action potential is generated. Would you expect
to see the signal to passed on to the next neuron and eventually measure an action potential at point D?
Yes or No ____
b) Explain your answer to (a) _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
c) For each of the following letters, state which part of the neuron is represented using the following list:
Axon
Axon Terminal
Dendrite
Synapse
Cell Body
Synaptic Vesicle
A ___________________
B ___________________
C (refers to the space between the two neurons) _____________
6. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is released by a neuron to activate a muscle cell. Acetylcholine
receptors are found on the muscle cell. After acetylcholine is released and activates the muscle, it is important
to have a method to shut down this activation. What are two possible ways that this neurotransmitter can be
stopped from activating the muscle cell for too long? Be sure to briefly explain the method - don't just put one
or two words.
a) _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b) _____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
7. Hemoglobin is a protein that binds to oxygen. It has four subunits and each subunit carries one oxygen.
Suppose you have the following data:
Partial Pressure of
Number of
O2 (mm Hg)
oxygens carried
10
0
30
1
40
2
55
3
70
4
a) Draw a graph on the right that shows the binding
capabilities of hemoglobin. Be sure to label each axis
properly. Label the curve "normal".
b) Fetal hemoglobin has a different binding curve than
normal, adult hemoglobin. Draw where you would expect
to find fetal hemoglobin on your graph.
c) pH can also affect hemoglobin binding. On the graph, draw where you would expect to find
hemoglobin that has been exposed to an acidic environment.
8. The human kidney's function is to produce concentrated urine. The kidney is made up of approximately one
million nephrons to help this occur. A diagram of a nephron is below.
a) On the diagram, circle where the
concentration of salt in the extracellular
environment will be HIGHEST.
b) On the diagram write "ADH" where you will
find a large amount of ADH receptors.
c) Alcohol will inhibit ADH receptors. Will
this cause an INCREASE or DECREASE in
water reabsorption by the kidney.
9. Interferon is a part of your non-specific immune
system. It prevents the replication of viral DNA and
protein. The specific immune system will also respond
to a viral infection. For each of the following
statements, state where it is part of the HUMORAL (H)
response, or the CELL MEDIATED (C) response or
BOTH (B)
___ Involves MHC molecules
___ Macrophages consume antigen
___ Memory B cells are made
___ Involves Antibodies
___ Killer T cells secrete perforin
___ Involves antigens
10. Below is a chart showing the immune response compared to time. Please draw in the two lines to show
how the immune response would compare between the first exposure to a certain antigen, to the second
exposure to that same antigen.
Immune
Response
First Exposure
Second Exposure
11. Describe two specific ways that antibodies help to fight an infection.
a) ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b) ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
12. Organisms can have circulatory systems that are classified as single circulation or double circulation paths.
Fish have single circulation while human beings have double circulation.
a) Discuss the differences between single circulation and double circulation. ________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) Does an organism with single circulation have a higher or lower metabolic rate when compared to an
organism with double circulation? _____________________
13. An organism must be able to release the waste product of carbon dioxide from its cells.
a) What specific organelle in the cell produces Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?
b) After CO2 is released from the cell, it enters a red blood cell and undergoes a specific reaction.
i) What is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction?
ii) What is the final product of this reaction?
c) After a blood donation, the blood is separated into various components, including plasma, platelets,
and red blood cells. Which component of the blood (AND WHY) would you find the MOST final
product of the reaction you answered in b)ii)?
14. Several different examples of respiratory surfaces can be found in the animal kingdom.
a) Why do animals that respire through their body surface have constantly moist skin?
b) Why do fish have blood vessels that flow in the opposite direction as water in the gills?
c) What advantage does a large surface area in the alveoli have for animals that use lungs?
d) Why is it advantageous for an insect to rely on tracheal systems for delivery of oxygen to individual
cells, rather than their circulatory system?
15. The concentrations of K+, Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+ were all measured on the inside and outside of a resting
neuron (at -70 mV). They were found to be:
INSIDE:
OUTSIDE:
[K+]=100 mM
[K+]=5 mM
[Na+]=15 mM
[Na+]=150 mM
[Ca2+]=0.0002 mM
[Ca2+]=2 mM
[Cl-]=13 mM
[Cl-]=150 mM
For the following questions, answer IN or OUT of the neuron.
a) If a K+ voltage-gated channel opens, which way will K+ flow?
b) The Na+/K+ pump uses ATP. Which way does it pump K+?
c) If a Cl- channel is opened, which way will Cl- flow?
For the following questions, answer if the inside of the neuron would become more NEGATIVE or
more POSITIVE.
d) If a Ca2+ channel is opened, what would happen to the potential in mV?
e) If a Cl- channel is opened, what would happen to the potential in mV?
16. Suppose you are participating in a research study to look at connections between respiratory rates and
exercise. You run 2 miles and then are tested by the research assistant.
a) Would you expect the areas around your muscles to have a higher or lower than normal pH?
b) What effect would this kind of environment (the one you answered in part (a) have on hemoglobin
and its binding to oxygen?
c) Relate this effect to what you know about protein structure and R-groups. Basically, why does this
change in binding capabilities occur at a molecular level - what is happening?
d) Suppose that you measure your systolic blood pressure after this run. What effect would the
vasodilation of your capillaries have on systolic blood pressure?
17. If a women is injected with HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), what effect would you expect on her
menstrual cycle? Be sure to explain your answer.
18. Hormonal control is one of the methods used to regulate body systems such as the excretory system. One
important hormone for the excretory system is ADH (Antidiuretic hormone).
a) There are many substances that inhibit the actions of ADH. Caffeine is an example of a substance
that inhibits ADH. Which of the following are symptoms that you would find in a person who ingested
caffeine? (list all that apply)
I) more concentrated urine
II) a feeling of dehydration (losing too much water)
III) high concentrations of urea in the blood
IV) greater volumes of urine
b) What part of the nephron does ADH act on?
Glomerulus
Loop of Henle
Collecting Duct
Bowman's Capsule
c) Individuals with diabetes insipidus do not produce enough ADH. Would individuals with diabetes
insipidus have urine that was MORE or LESS concentrated with urea than a normal individual?
d) Would a person that has diabetes mellitus have a higher or lower amount of glucose in their blood?
Multiple Choice
19. Aspirin inhibits the action of platelets. Because of this, individuals who are about to undergo surgery are
advised against taking any aspirin. Which of the following will be most likely to occur if a surgery patient takes
aspirin?
a) blood vessels become weaker and will break more easily
b) blood will not be able to clot properly
c) blood will become thicker and flow slower
d) blood pressure increases
20. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mostly in the from of:
a) CO2 bound to hemoglobin
c) CO2 gas in the plasma
b) HCO3- in the plasma
d) HCO3- in the red blood cell
21. An organism that has very thin walls in its body and has no circulatory system is probably most likely:
a) An arthropod
c) A cnidarian
b) A fish
d) An annelid
22. Which of the following would cause the greatest increase in the rate of respiration of a human?
a) Decrease in oxygen in the environment c) An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood
b) An increase in hemoglobin production d) The release of vasopressin from the hypothalamus
23. What is the appropriate order of blood flow in a human?
a) left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, right ventricle, right atrium
b) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle
c) left ventricle, left atrium, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, right atrium, right ventricle
d) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, left ventricle, left atrium
24. Which order is appropriate for a portion of the path of sperm in a male?
a) prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra
c) testicle, bladder, seminal vesicle
b) testicle, vas deferens, urethra
d) scrotum, testicle, oviduct
25. Which order do developmental stages proceed in?
a) cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis
b) gastrulation, cleavage, organogenesis
c) cleavage, organogenesis, gastrulation
d) gastrulation, organogenesis, cleavage
26. When a woman becomes pregnant, her body receives the proper hormonal signals to maintain the proper
environment for the embryo. Which of the following does NOT occur when a woman becomes pregnant?
a) a surge of LH and FSH causes ovulation to occur
b) the corpus luteum is maintained and continues to produce progesterone
c) the endometrium remains thick
d) HCG is released by the embryo
27. You take a sample of mesoderm tissue from a developing frog embryo to study it. Which of the following
is NOT a tissue or organ that develops from mesoderm?
a) cardiac muscle
c) skin
b) bones
d) blood
28. Cytokines are molecules that:
a) regulate immune system activities.
b) destroy infected host cells by lysing them.
c) are secreted from B cells to bind to antigens and inactivate the antigen
d) are part of the blood’s “complement system”
29. B cells are produced in the:
a) thymus
b) lymph nodes
c) bone marrow
d) spleen
30. All of the following occur in red blood cells EXCEPT
a) hemoglobin carries oxygen
c) CO2 is converted into bicarbonate
b) bicarbonate is converted into CO2
d) proteins for blood clotting are stored
31. All of the following are true about fetal hemoglobin EXCEPT
a) It is a protein
b) It has a lower attraction to oxygen than adult hemoglobin
c) It is coded for by a gene
d) It does not cross into the mother's red blood cells
32. The digestive system includes each of the following EXCEPT
a) Gall bladder
b) Liver
c) Kidney
d) Small intestine
33. Which of the following female reproductive organs is involved in the process of ovulation?
a) uterus
b) vagina
c) ovary
d) clitoris
34. During puberty, which of the following hormones causes the development of secondary sexual
characteristics in males?
a) oxytocin
b) progesterone
c) estrogen
d) testosterone
35. Which of the following male reproductive organs is responsible for the production of sperm?
a) Cowper's glands b) Penis
c) Vas deferens
d) Testes
OTHER STUDY MATERIALS ->
- QUIZZES FOR ANIMAL SYSTEMS
-PHYSIOLOGY PROBLEM SETS (Answer keys available online)