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Neurology Pre-Quiz for Quiz #3
Prepared by Sher Martelle - April 6th 2003
1. How long is the spinal cord?
2. It is as wide as a: ________
3. Where does it start & end?
4. Spinal nerves leave the cord on each side through ________ ________ between
adjacent ________.
5. T/F Each segment of the spinal cord is named for the vertebrae above it (with 2
exceptions)
6. Those of C1-C7 are named for the vertebra ________.
7. C7–T1 is spinal nerve ________ for which there is no corollary vertebra.
8. The ________ enlargement reflects the ________ plexus that innervates the
________, ________ & ________ & is made up of C5-T1.
9. The ________ enlargement reflects the ________ plexus that that innervates the
________, ________ & ________ & is made up of L2-S2.
10. The ________ ________ is the bottom end of the cord.
11. The filum terminale attaches to the ________ ________ of the ________. Why?
12. The ________ ________ is the combination of the filum terminale & the sloping
________ ________.
13. Each spinal nerve emerging from the column contains both ________ &
________ neurons, making it a ________ nerve. What does this mean?
14. How many spinal nerve roots enter the spinal cord (include pairs & singles)?
Cervical = ________ Thoracic = ________ Lumbar = ________
Sacral = ________ Coccyx = ________ For a total of = ________.
15. A cross section of the spinal cord would be composed of ________ & ________
matter.
16. Which is inside? Which is outside?
17. In the grey matter are all of the ________ ________ ________ plus many short,
unmyelinated nerve fibres called ________.
18. So, what’s left in the white matter? (2 things)
19. Exactly what is white matter?
20. There are ventral, dorsal & anterolateral ________ located in the grey/white
matter.
21. Ventral AKA ________ AKA ________ horn = where the ________ neurons lie.
22. Dorsal AKA ________ AKA ________ horn = where nerve cell bodies that
receive ________ signals from the spinal nerves lie.
23. Anterolateral horn = where neurons give rise to fibres that lead into the
________ nervous system, which controls many ________ ________.
24. What groups of vertebrae are concerned with #23?
25. Each spinal nerve connects with the spinal cord by way of 2 ________.
26. T/F Posterior roots are made up of multipolar neurons.
27. T/F Anterior roots are made up of multipolar neurons.
REFLEXES
28. As a rule, reflexes are conscious/unconscious.
29. T/F Spinal cord reflexes can be improved.
30. Provide 2 more ‘rules’ of reflexes.
31. Which of the following apply to simple monosynaptic reflexes:
a. a single synapse is involved in the entire process
b. it occurs during a stretch reflex (muscle spindle)
c. it is the easiest reflex to understand
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
32. What kind of reflex is involved in balancing your weight on 1 leg?
33. During the above action the sensory neuron synapses on interneurons, which
cross over in the ________ ________ to synapse on motor neurons on the
same/opposite side.
34. T/F The response above is very specific.
35. ________ reflexes are involved in the realm of learning.
36. Regarding #35, these reflexes always involve the ________ & are characterized
by a ________ response which is dependant on other ________ & ________.
37. T/F You can improve the brain’s modification/response.
38. What 4 cellular changes are involved in learning?
39. Complex reflexes are ________ responses to variable stimuli, which results in an
‘enhancement of pathways’ AKA ________.
ASCENDING TRACTS
40. Almost all sensations synapse in the ________ ________ before ascending to
the thalamus, then cortex.
41. The 2 sensations that are exceptions are: ________ & ________.
42. T/F All sensations from the left body go to the right thalamus & cortex & vice
versa (right to left).
43. Where does the ‘crossing over’ occur?
44. More specifically, ‘deep touch’ like a trigger point treatment would be felt in the
________ ________, whereas ‘fine touch’ like stroking takes place in the ________
________.
45. It can be said that the spinal cord carries ________ sensations, while the brain
stem carries ________ sensations.
46. The Anterior spinothalamic tract carries deep pressure. It crosses over locally
then ascends in the ________ ________.
47. The ________ spinothalamic tract carries sensations of pain & temperature. It
crosses over in the spinal cord then ascends in the ________ ________.
48. The ________ ________ consist of 2 main groups of axons. They occupy the
________ ________. They carry finer sensations. They ascend ________ ________
& cross in the ________ part of the brainstem.
49. Fasciculus gracilis is concerned with the upper/lower extremity while the
Fasciculus cuneatus is concerned with the upper/lower extremity.
50. The anterior spinothalamic tract, lateral spinothalamic tract & posterior colums all
carry ________ ________ information.
51. Located in the lateral funiculus, the ________ ________ carries the sensation of
________ ipsi-laterally to the cerebellum.
52. Descending tracts descend from the ________ ________.
DESCENDING TRACTS
53. Running from the frontal cortex to the cerebellum the ________ tract finds out
muscle positions & muscle memories.
54. Otherwise known as the upper motor neuron the ________ tract AKA ________
tract carries voluntary info.
55. At the ________ ________ it splits into 2, the lateral & anterior ________
tracts.
56. Which of the above tracts is bigger? Containing ________% of axons.
57. The lateral corticospinal tract crosses over in the brain stem/spinal cord &
travels in the lateral/anterior funiculus on the contra/ipsi lateral side.
58. True/False - Extra pyramidal tracts are involuntary
59. It runs from the frontal lobe to the ________ ________ before descending to the
appropriate level in the ________ ________ & crossing over.
60. What is the name of the tract that carries muscle tone to gamma motor neurons?
SENSORY SYSTEM
61. Each type of receptor is highly sensitive to how many stimuli(i)?
62. Pain receptors AKA ________.
63. Retina in the eye contains ________ receptors to detect light.
64. True/False – Taste falls into the spectrum of chemoreception?
65. Name the remaining 2 receptors: ________ & ________.
66. What is the common feature of all sensory receptors?
67. Name 4 ways to cause a receptor potential.
68. True/False – The nerve fibre is attached to the receptor?
69. The ________ is stimulated, causing a rise in ________ ________ until it
reaches the ________ for an ________ ________ to be elicited in the neuron.
70. The strength of the stimulus will determine the ________ of the ________
________ (up to a certain point). The ________ of AP is almost directly
proportionate to the amplitude of the ________ ________.
71. ________ is a special characteristic of sensory receptors.
72. When a continuous sensory stimulus is applied, the receptors respond first with a
very high/low impulse rate, then, a progressively ________ rate.
73. Slowly adapting AKA ________ receptors will transmit signals to the brain
continuously.
74. Rapidly adapting AKA ________ AKA ________ AKA ________ receptors react
stronger while a change in stimulus is taking place & ________ the rate at which
change takes place.
75. Type A/C nerve fibres are small/large & un/myelinated.
76. Type A fibres are further subdivided into (4 types): ________, ________,
________ & ________.
77. Type C fibres make up more than ________ of the necessary fibres in most
________ nerves & all the ________ autonomic fibres.
78. Alpha type A fibres from the muscle spindle = Group ________.
79. Alpha type A fibres from the GTO = Group ________.
80. Gamma type A fibres from the muscle spindle = Group ________.
81. Delta type A fibres responsible for temperature, crude touch & prickling pain =
Group ________.
82. Type C fibres (unmyelinated) responsible for pain & itch as well as temperature &
crude touch = Group ________.
83. How different nerve fibres transmit different modalities of sensation depends on
the ________ of the nerve.
SOMATIC SENSATIONS
84. Name 3 classifications of somatic sensations.
85. Mechanoreceptive somatic senses are stimulated by ________ ________ of
some tissue of the body.
86. Mechanoreceptive senses include: ________, ________, ________ & ________
(together known as the tactile senses) AND proprioception AKA ________ sense.
87. What is the difference between touch sensation & pressure sensation?
88. Rapidly repetitive sensory signals result in ________ sense.
89. Free nerve endings can detect primitive AKA ________ touch. Their speed of
conduction is ________ metres/second. They are small/large and of what type(s)?
________.
90. These tactile receptors are found in ________ AKA ‘glabrous’ skin, and are
involved in ________ sensitivity. They adapt rapidly & are made of larger type
________ fibres. What are they called? ________ ________.
91. Merkel’s disks AKA ________ ________ ________ adapt more slowly than the
above. They are responsible for giving signals that allow one to determine
continuous touch of objects against the skin & to ________ sensations to ________
________.
92. True/False – The hair end organ is slowly adapting.
93. What kind of tactile receptors are found in the deeper tissues & joint capsules?
________ ________ ________.
94. True/False – The above fibres are very slow adapting.
95. ________ ________ are very rapidly/slowly adapting & particularly important
for detecting tissue ________.
96. What type of fibres do Meissner’s corpsules, Merkel’s disks, hair end organs,
Ruffini’s end organs & Pacinial receptors transmit along? (all the same kind)
97. What is their velocity? ________ metres/second.