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Pázmány Péter Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics
Department of Neuroscience
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL
NEUROBIOLOGY
Exam
2nd June 2015
Name: .......................................................................
Points: 100 /
..............................................................
Signature of examiner
.............................................................
Signature of examinee
(Sign upon acceptance of correction)
NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION (5 POINTS).
Define briefly the following terms.
a) Asymmetric
mytosis:__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b) Equilibrium
potential:_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
c) Membrane time constant:______________________________________________________________
d) Spike timing dependent plasticity:_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Tetanus:____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
NEURONAL NETWORK OPERATION (5 POINTS).
Define the following terms.
a) Local field potential (LFP):_____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
b) Central pattern generator:______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
c) Members of the thalamocortical circuit:_________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Sensory binding:______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Sharp wave-ripple complex:_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
SENSORY SYSTEMS (10 POINTS).
A) Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F), and by the latter case, give a
short explanation, why (8 points).
a) Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb possess axons.______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b) Odors are coded by a single olfactory epithelial cell type.____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) ON bipolar neurons depolarise through the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors.____________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Bipolar cells communicate by action potentials.______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) The parietal visual pathway ensures the perception of action. ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f) The aperture problem is solved by inferotemporal visual areas.__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
g) There is overlap between the parvo- and magnocellular pathway.________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
h) Illusoric contours are first detected in higher order cortical regions. ______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
B) Render the numbers of dissections to the resulting visual field defects (2 points).
THE MOTOR SYSTEM (30 POINTS).
A) THE OLIVOCEREBELLAR MODULE.
Name the cell types and anatomical structures (assigned by numbers) and render them to the
statements below. (15 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
4.
5.
3.
5.
2.
a) It is responsible for the cerebellar feedback inhibition.
_______
b) Postinhibitory rebound can be observed in this cell type.
_______
c) The output of the cerebellum is established by this cell type.
_______
d) Climbing fibers are axons originating from this cell type.
_______
e) Inhibitory cell type in the cerebellum.
_______
f) Its function is to read out the output of the motor cortex.
_______
g) It is innervated by parallel fibers.
_______
h) Complex spikes are generated in this cell type.
_______
i) Members of this cell type are coupled by gap junctions.
_______
j) It has oscillatory activity.
_______
B) BASAL GANGLIA.
Supplement the text. (10 points)
The main neurotransmitter of basal ganglia (=BG) neurons is _________________________. The only
glutamatergic element of the BG is the ___________________________. Source of dopamine is the
_________________________________________________. The role of dopamine in the BG is e.g.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
The
interaction
between
glutamate
and
dopamine
applies
equally
to
the
cortical
and
_______________________ inputs.
In human, the main output element of the BG is the _____________________________.
Elements of the direct pathway can be found in the so-called____________________. The indirect pathway
of the BG is the following: ___________________________________________________________.
Overactivation of the indirect pathway leads to the ______________________ of basal ganglia targets.
Activation of the direct pathway leads to the _________________________ of basal ganglia targets, e.g.
(add at least two)_______________________________________________.
C) UPPER MOTOR STRUCTURES.
a) Identify the assigned cortical regions in the following figure (2 points).
1.
2.
3.
4.
b) Give the name of a cortical brain region or tract to the following properties and motor functions.
(8 points)
a) The most important executive motor pathway:
b) A so-called homunculus can be derived from its receptive field:
c) It is responsible for the integration of emotion induced motions:
d) Muscle tone is regulated by it:
e) Mental rehearsal of motor tasks:
f) Informing the other motor structures about the planned movement:
g) Preparing the next motion response:
h) Transfer of sensory information originating from motions to the primary motor cortex:
LEARNING, MEMORY, EPILEPSY. (10 POINTS)
A) Assign cell types to the letters in the figure depicting hippocampal firing patterns, then answer the
questions. (5 points)
D
E
A:
B:
A
C:
D:
A
E: valley phase
A
B
C
a)
Name the depicted
oscillation (name + frequency
range):
____________________________
b) Define the role of the firing pattern represented by C._______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Define the significance of the oscillation phases depicted by E.________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
B) EPILEPSY. (5 points)
a) Give two underlying reasons for epileptic seizures.____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Give at least two functional and morphological changes of the neuronal network accompanying epilepsy.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Define the main electrophysiological difference between partial and generalized seizures._____________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Describe briefly the loop of epileptic network reorganization. ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Give at least two cell types which is reduced in number due to epilepsy.___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS, BEHAVIOUR (10 POINTS).
A) ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS.
Underline the correct phrases. (5 points)
a) Portal circuitry of the hypophysis is established in pars tuberalis / median eminence.
b) Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus / supraoptic nucleus,…
c) … and released to the blood in the posterior / anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
d) Secretion of thyroid hormones is indirectly induced by CRH / TRH.
e) Hormones secreted by the gonads are proteins / lipids.
f) Hormone molecules attach to ionotrop receptors / metabotrop receptors.
g) There is feedback mechanism in two levels / three levels along the hypothalamus-target organ axis.
h) Hypophysiotrophic neurons can be found in one single / several hypothalamic nucleus/nuclei.
i) TRH is a parvicellular / magnocellular hormone.
j) Stomatostatin induces / inhibits growth.
B) BEHAVIOUR. (5points)
a) Add at least two main characteristics of the behavioural responses leading to psychiatric diseases.______
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Give at least two main neuromodulators contributing to psychiatrical diseases. _____________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Add at least one factor which ensures that psychiatrical diseases can be modelled in animals.__________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Add the two main types of psychotherapy. __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Define briefly what is the Papez circuit._____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES (10 POINTS).
A) What kind of method would you apply to …
a) model natural aggression in animal________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) examine the default mode network: _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) inhibit a particular cell type in a reversible manner ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) examine the presence of a particular hormone receptor on a cell_________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) detect ‘face selective’ visual brain region___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f) induce fear directly_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
B) OPTOGENETICS.
a) Add at least two advantages of optogenetics over electrical stimulation and pharmacological treatment.
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Describe what ensures the specificity of opsin expression in target brain areas. _____________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Add at least two ways optogenetics can modulate cell function. _________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Give at least two technical and ethical problems of potential optogenetical applications in human. ______
____________________________________________________________________________________
DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES (15 POINTS).
A) Render the diseases to the statements and symptoms (multiple choice is possible).
P = Parkinson’s disease C = cerebellar disease
P = impairment of the pyramidal path
N = none
a) It involves essential tremor.
_______
b) It involves resting tremor.
_______
c) It induces cognitive disturbances.
_______
d) Deep brain stimulation is applied in its treatment.
_______
e) It can induce nystagmus.
_______
f) Patients are paretic.
_______
g) It involves pathological reflexes.
_______
h) Speech can be impaired.
_______
i) It can be genetically determined.
_______
B) Write in detail what diagnostic or therapeutic method can be applied to … (6 points)
a) treat anxiety (pharmacon)________________________________________________________________
b) treat drug-resistant epilepsy: _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) demonstrate cognitive disturbance in Parkinson’s disease: ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) direct a robotic arm: ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) partially restore the function of motor cortex after stroke injury__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f) restore the function of damaged photoreceptors: _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________