Download Neuronal network operation (6 points).

Pázmány Péter Catholic University
Faculty of Information Technology
Department of Neuroscience
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL
NEUROBIOLOGY
Exam
16th June 2015
Name: .......................................................................
Points: 100 /
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Please, write clear, readable English!
NEURONAL MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION (7 POINTS).
Define briefly the following terms.
a) Asymmetric mytosis: ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b) Equilibrium potential:___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Membrane time constant:________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Receptive field: _______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Tetanus: _____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f) Place cell:____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
g) Neurosecretion:________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
NEURONAL NETWORK OPERATION (6 POINTS).
Define the following terms and give an example where indicated.
a) Disinhibition (+example): _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Temporal code (+example): ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Autoassociative network (+example): ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Spike timing dependent plasticity: ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Spindle oscillation: ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f) Phase precession: ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
SENSORY SYSTEMS (8 POINTS).
Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F), and by the latter case, give an
explanation, why.
a) The axon terminals of olfactory epithelial cells expressing the same genes are located next to each other
in the glomeruli._______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) ON bipolar neurons convert the signal transmitted by photoreceptors. ____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) The center-surround organization in the retina is primarily established by amacrin cells. ______________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Parvocellular neurons are alone responsible for shape recognition. _______________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Disparity sensitive cells can be found in the MST. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
f) The magnocellular path is responsible for luminescence discrimination and shape recognition._________
____________________________________________________________________________________
g) ’Face selective’ cells can be found in V2. ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
h) Binocular vision is established in a distance of about 10 m. _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
THE MOTOR SYSTEM (27 POINTS).
A) THE OLIVOCEREBELLAR MODULE.
5 POINTS
Answer the following questions.
a) Give at least two tracts terminating in mossy fibers. __________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Add the main function of the inferior olive. _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Define the feedback inhibition in the cerebellum. _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Characterize briefly the electrophysiological activity of Purkinje cells. ____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Give at least two symptoms of cerebellar impairment: motor symptoms: __________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
B) THE BASAL GANGLIA.
12 POINTS
Complete the text with the numbers depicting the basal ganglia and render names to the numbers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The role of dopamine produced in the ______ is to modulate the flow of cortical information through the
______. The indirect pathway of the BG is the following: ________________________. Activation
of the direct pathway leads ultimately to the disinhibition of ______. Parkinson’s disease originates
primarily from the impairment of the ______. In deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease patients, the
indirect pathway is desynchronised by the high-frequency stimulation of the ______, which is the only
glutamaterg member of the basal ganglia.
C) UPPER MOTOR STRUCTURES.
10 POINTS
a) Identify the assigned cortical regions in the following figure.
1.
2.
3.
4.
a) Give the name of a motor cortical brain region or a tract to the following properties and motor
functions.
a) The most significant executive motor pathway:
b) A so-called homunculus can be derived from its receptive field:
c) It is responsible for the integration of emotion induced motions:
d) It informs the other motor structures about the planned movement:
e) It prepares the next motion response:
f) It is responsible for the mental rehearsal of motor tasks:
LEARNING, MEMORY, HIPPOCAMPUS. (13 POINTS)
A) Complete the figure depicting neuronal connections in the hippocampus.
EC
3 POINTS
CA1
B) Decide whether the following statements are true or false, and by the latter case, giva a short
explanation, why.
10 POINTS
1. The hippocampus has a transitional role in declarative memory. _________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. In fear or reward memory, LTP is established in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. _____________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. During the signal categorization phase of information processing, feed-forward inhibition is performed by
the hippocampus. ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. The function of feed-back dendritic inhibitory cells is to prevent synaptic potentiation in the theta valley
phase._______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
5. During the signal association phase, information processing takes place in the CA1. _________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. There is a bidirectional connection between the septum and the hippocampus. ______________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. The hippocampal region possessing local recurrent connections is the dentate gyrus._________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Place cells have a topographic arrangement. _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
9. The function of theta oscillation is to separate signal from noise in time.___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
10.
According to the two-stage memory model, memory consolidation is ensured by gamma oscillation.
____________________________________________________________________________________
EPILEPSY (6 POINTS).
Underline the correct phrases.
The number of pyramidal / granular cells decreases first in the hippocampus due to temporal lobe epilepsy.
Perisomatic inhibition is increased / decreased in epilepsy.
Dendritic excitation is increased / decreased in epilepsy.
Epilepsy is characterized by the proliferation of the input / output excitatory pathways.
Repetitive behavioral symptoms are linked to partial / absence epilepsy.
The possibility to acquire absence epilepsy increases / decreases with age.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, BEHAVIOUR (15 POINTS).
A) Underline the correct phrases (multiple choice is possible).
10 POINTS
a) Neurohaemal junctions can be found in the posterior / anterior pituitary lobe.
b) Hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones are released from the soma / axon terminal.
c) Portal circuitry is established by veins / arteries.
d) Growth hormone is produced in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus / supraoptic nucleus, …
e) … and released to the blood in the posterior / anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
f) Secretion of sex hormones is indirectly induced by GHRH / GnRH.
g) Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are proteins / lipids.
h) Regulation of glucocorticoid secretion is realised in two levels / three levels along the hypothalamustarget organ axis.
i) CRH is a hormone of magnocellular / parvicellular origin.
j) Diabetes insipidus is the disease of the HPA system / HPP system.
B) PSYCHIATRY.
Answer the following questions.
5 POINTS
a) Give at least two behavioural responses leading to psychiatric diseases. ___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) Add the name of the anatomical brain region which has a key role in developing psychiatrical diseases.
(involving excessive fear): _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) Enumerate at least two psychiatrical or neurological diseases which involve aggression. _______________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) Describe the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) Give a positive and a negative symptom of schizophrenia. _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES (6 POINTS).
What kind of method would you apply to …
a) model pathological aggression in animal: ___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) model anxiety in animal: ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) stimulate only parvalbumin containing neurons: ______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) detect higher-order visual cortical areas: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) test spatial memory in animal: ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
DIAGNOSTICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL APPROACHES (6 POINTS).
Write in detail what method can be applied to …
a) treat depression (pharmacon): ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b) treat drug-resistant chronic pain: __________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c) control drug-resistant epileptic seizures:____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
d) non-invasively stimulate the brain: ________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
e) restore hearing loss with a brain-machine interface: ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
fMRI (6 POINTS).
Complete the following text with the missing words.
a) The BOLD signal measures the ratio of ____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________ within a voxel.
b) The default mode network is activated during _______________________________________________.
c) The multiecho EPI fMRI method provides four times better ____________________________________.
d) The perisaccadic _________________________ is followed by a postsaccadic
_____________________________of neuronal responsiveness.
e) Ventral stimulus-driven attentional network is involved in the __________________________________
________________________________________________.