Download Drugs - Ardsley Union Free School District

Drugs
What is a drug ?
Drug Definition
• Substance that produces physiological
and or psychological effects
Are Drugs Bad?
Are Drugs Bad?
• Medicine
• Drug Dependence
– Psychological (emotional need, escape
reality)
– Physical (Absence results in Withdrawal
Syndrome=chills, vomiting, cramps,
convulsions, dilated pupils, constipation,
sweating, insomnia, pain, hallucinations)
Are Drugs Bad?
• Social Impact:
–
–
–
–
Neglect:
personal health,
family responsibilities,
economical
relationships,
public safety risk
Types of Drugs
• Narcotics:
– Relieve Pain and
Produce Sleep
– Analgesics=suppress
nervous system
– Lead to physical
dependence
– Depressant
Narcotics
Narcotics
Unripe pod of Poppy Plant
Opium is a gummy, milky juice
Morphine
Codeine
Heroine (synthetic)
Heroine
Pain Relief
“High”-Happiness
(3-4hrs)
Drowsiness
Bitter Taste
IV Use
35% Pure!
Additives:
Street Names: H, Horse, Scag, Smack, Stuff
Quinine, starch,
lactose,
Novocain
Heroin Symptoms
• Euphoria
• Drowsiness
• Contracted pupils
• Needle marks
• Blood stains
($3,600-$7,000/oz)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rnSsB
0vfCQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIUbhTwk
UOg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELNrGwE
E41E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsmbtyoSOw
Other Opiates
• Methadone
– Related to heroine
– Eliminates the “high” if taking heroine
– Helps break heroine habit
Types of Drugs
• Hallucinogens=
– Drug that causes change in mood, attitude,
thought or perception
– Example: Cannabis
Marijuana
Pot, Grass, Wacky Baccy, Hash, Ganja,, Hash Oil, weed, Tree, greens,
Wild weed 5-15 ft
Odd leaf number, serrated edge
Crush leaves with flower, stem
and seed
Plant Resin=Hashish
Marijuana
• Active Ingredient:
– THC
THC
Concentration:
Resin
2-8%
Flower
Leaf
Stem
Roots
Seeds
Symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of coordination-Danger to Drive!
Reduced Reaction Time-Danger to Drive!
Red eye
Dilated pupils
Increased heart rate
Irrelevant giggling
Marijuana
• No evidence for short-term physical &
psychological dependence
• Heavy use results in psychological
dependence
• Lung Damage from smoke
• Used in glaucoma and chemotherapy
treatment
Marijuana History
•
•
•
•
•
2737 B.C. Chinese Medicine
1000 B.C. Hindu Culture
500 B.C. Arabian Literature
19th Century Europe
1920 United States from Mexico
Other Hallucinogens
• LSD
– 25 microgram causes
hallucinations for 12hrs
– Derived from a fungus
– Mood swings
– Anxiety
– tension
Other Hallucinogens
• MDMA (Ecstasy, E, Adam, XTC, Fantasy, Date-Rape
Drug)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Get Abundant Energy
Increased Color perception
Dehydration-Drink a lot
Enhanced empathy
Brain cell damage
Anxiety
Panic
Insomnia
Hallucinations
Psychosis
Memory loss
Hypertension
Other Hallucinogens
Magic Mushrooms
Have Psilocybin
Acts like LSD
Other Hallucinogens
Nitrous Oxide Gas
•Loss of motor control
•Hallucinations
•Brain Damage Risk
•Psychologically Addictive
Other Depressants
• Depress CNS, calm, irritability and may
induce sleep
– Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol)
• Goes to brain and suppresses thought processes
and muscle coordination
• Affects judgment, speech, reaction time, memory
and concentration
• Long-term abuse=liver damage
• High dose=coma and death
Alcohol
• Sedative
• Vasodilator=Blood increased to
extremities
• Diuretic
• Respiratory Depression
• Gastric irritation
• Slur Speech
Drinking and Pregnant
Drinking and Driving
Drinking and Driving
Drinking and Driving
Before
After
Other Depressants
• Barbiturates (“Downers, Yellow Jackets,
Blue Devils, Reds, Barbs”)
– Downers- Suppress Central Nervous System
– Derived from Barbituric Acid
– Sedatives taken orally
– Physically Addictive
– Ex. Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Phenobarbital
etc.
Other Depressants
• Methaqualone (Quaaludes)
– Sedative
– Muscle relaxant
• Tranquilizers
– Relaxed but not impaired or sleepy
– Ex. Miltown, Librium, Thorazine and Valium
– Physically and mentally addictive
Symptoms of Tranquilizer Abuse
•
•
•
•
•
Slurred speech
Staggered Gait
Poor coordination
Poor judgment
Appears drunk but no alcohol smell
Ketamine =Horse
Tranquilizer
(Special K, Kit Kat)
Other Depressants
• Glue Sniffing, Sniff aerosol propellants and
solvents
– Suppress Central Nervous System
– Euphoria
– Slurred speech
– Impaired judgment
– Double vision
– Risk liver, heart, brain damage and death
Glue Sniffer Meeting
Stimulants
• Stimulate Central Nervous System
• Natural and Synthetic
• Interfere with normal neuron to neuron
signaling
Side Effects:
Insomnia, dilated pupils, panic, confusion
hallucinations, hypertension, cardiac
arrest, increased heart rate
•
Stimulants
Amphetamines (uppers or speed):
– Synthetic
– Alert, happy, hyperactive then fatigued (excessive sleep)
and depressed
– Loss of appetite
– IV use
– Psychologically addictive
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
($450-$2,000/oz)
“Ice”
Other Stimulants
• “Ice”
– High, then depressed and tired
– Smoked
– VERY POTENT
– Violent, destructive, paranoid schizophreniclike
($3,600-$7,000/oz)
ICE (Free-base Cocaine)
Before ICE
After ICE
Other Stimulants
• Cocaine
Ground to
powder and
chemicals added
Coca Plant
10 pounds of leaves= 1 ounce of cocaine
Crack
• Effects:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cocaine
Rush
Insomnia
Fatigue
Headache
Nasal problems
Sexual dysfunction
Paranoia
Depression
Seizures
Loss of consciousness
Cardiac arrest
• http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/cha
nnel/drugs-inc/videos/cocaine/
• drugs inc zombie island - YouTube
Other Stimulants
• Anabolic Steroids
(Roids)
Steroids
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Synthetic (Like Testosterone)
Enhanced Muscle Growth
Risk Liver Damage
Reduced sex drive (can cause impotence)
Reduce sperm production (can be permanent)
Severe Acne
Premature baldness
Masculinizing in females and infertility (i.e. pronounced
jaw)
• Feminine characteristics in men (grow breasts)
• Teenage suspension of bone growth
• Mood swings and aggressive behavior (increases with
cycling)
Drugs and the Law
Federal Controlled Substances Act
• Regulation of drugs in these ways:
– Registration
– Record Keeping
– Manufacturing Quotas
– Distribution Restrictions
– Dispensing Limits
– Import/Export abilities
Federal Controlled Substances Act
– Manner (i.e.. Security) of drug storage
– Reports from Manufacturer/Distributor to DEA
– Penalties
Federal Penalties
Trafficking (Sales) 1st Offence
Heroin, Marijuana, Methaqualone, LSD
– 0-20 years and or $1 million fine
Opium+Derivatives, Cocaine,
Methadone, PCP,Amphetamines,
some barbiturates
– 0-5 years and or $1 million fine
Federal Penalties
Trafficking 1st Offence
Some barbiurates,codeine,anabolic steroids
– 0-5 years and or $250,000 fine
Darvon, Phenobarbitol,Tranqulizers
– 0-3 years and or $250,000 fine
Opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic
medicinal ingredients
– 0-1 year and or $100,000 fine
Update (1st Offence)
• Cocaine
– 500-4,999 g (5-40 years, $2 million)
– 500-4,999g (20-life, $5million)-if injury or
death involved
– 5kgs (10-life, $4 million)
– 5kgs (20-life, $10, million)-if injury or death
involved
Update
• Similar penalties for
– Heroin
– LSD
– Meth
– PCP
• DEA Briefs & Background, Drug Policy,
Federal Trafficking Penalties
NYS Laws
• Sale of small amount of street crack or
heroin
– Class B nonviolent felony
– Min 1-3 years, Max 8-25 years
• Sale of significant amount of drugs (ex. 1
once of cocaine)
– 15 years to Life
NYS and Federal Laws
(Possession)
• See hand-out
Drug Busts
(Step 1)
Search/Seizure/Legal Issues
How do we justify searches?
• Search Warrant: Probable Cause (4th)
• Warrentless Search:
– Plain Site Doctrine
– Consent
– Incident to arrest
Clues that a moving vehicle is
driven by a drug-impaired driver?
Signs While Moving
• Slow reaction
• Takes risks
• Vision Impairment
(weaving)
• Coordination problem
(weaving)
Car Stopped, Now Personal
Contact
Slurred Speech
Eye Analysis
Odors
Manner exiting vehicle
Pre Arrest Screening: Field Tests
• Psychophysical Tests:
– Test balance (Stand on 1 leg) (Walk and
Turn)
– Test Coordination (Touch nose)
– Information processing (Alphabet)
– Gaze Nystagmus (jerking of eyes, alcoholrelated)
Pre Arrest Screening: Field Tests
– Lack of convergence of eyes when pen
brought closer to face
– Check pupils with light
– Temperature check
– Blood Pressure Check
– Check Pulse rate
(See Hand-out)
Screening Failure
Search
Drugs found in car
7 people in car
Who is charged with Possession?
Forensic Science and the Law
• Science used to determine the qualitative
and quantitative nature of drug
• 70% of evidence in crime lab is drugrelated
Problem!
• Soooooooooooo many drugs!
Step 1
• Screening Tests (Color Tests)
– Marquis (Heroine,Morphine,-phetamines)
– Dillie-Koppanyi (Barbiturates)
– Duquenois-Levine (Marijuana)
– Van Urk (LSD)
– Scott (Cocaine)
Step 2
• Microcrystalline
Tests=
– Chemical added to
drug on slide to
produce a crystal
– Examine crystal size,
shape
Cocaine
Step 3
• Chromatography
– Thin-Layer, Gas Chromatography
– Tentative Identification+Purification
• Infrared Spectrophotometry (Need Pure)
• Mass Spectrometry (Chemical Fingerprint)
Marijuana Identification
Most evidence in fragment form:
Microscopic analysis
See “bear claw” hooks on
underside of leaf
Thin layer chromatography
Duquenois-Levine color test
Evidence Collection
• Bag and Tag
• Prevent loss and cross contamination
• Need airtight containers for solvents