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AP Psychology .
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REVIEW SHEET: Biological Bases of Behavior
Terms and Topics: Nervous and Endocrine Systems
biological psychologists
endorphins
neuron
morphine
dendrite
agonists
axon
antagonists
myelin sheath
blood-brain barrier
cell body
nervous system
central nervous system
terminal branches of axon
synapse (synaptic gap)
peripheral nervous system
neural impulse
nerves
action potential
sensory (afferent) neurons
resting potential
intemeurons
selectively permeable
motor (efferent) neurons
IOns
somatio nervous system. (
depolarization
autonomic nervous system
threshold
sympathetic nervous system
all-or-nothing principle
parasympathetic nervoussystent
reflexes
inhibitory .and excitatory signals
neurotransmitters
neural networks
reuptake
endocrine system
receptor sites
hormones
acetylcholine (ACh)
hypothalarpus
dopamine
.pituitary gland
serotonin
pineal gland
norepinephrine
melatonin
GABA
thyroid gland
Glutamate
metabolism
. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
adrenal glands
epinephrine (adrenaline)
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)·
p~creas
insulin
ovaries
estrogen
testosterone
testes
,
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Review Questions
1. What m:e neurons and how do they transmit information?
2. From start to finish, explain what happens when a neuron frres. .
.
3. How does a neuron communicate with other cells to influence our behavior?
4. How do Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Amyotrophic 4teral Sclerosis (ALS) affect the nervous
system?
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5. How do ~gs and other chemicals alter neurotransmission?
6. What are the elementary components of our nervous system, and what are the functional
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divisions of that system?
7. How does the endocrine system -- the body's slower communication ~ystem -- deliver its
messages?
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Topics and Terms:the Brain
Tools of Discovery: Studying the brain
lesion
electroencephalogram (EEG)
CT (computed tomography) scan
PET (positron emission tomography scan)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)scan
Lower-level brain structures
Brainstem
Medulla
Reticular formation
Thalamus
Cerebellum
The Limbic System
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus (reward deficiency symdrome)
The Cerebral Cortex
Structure:
Glial cells
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
Functions:
Motor cortex
Sensory cortex
Association areas
Phineas Gage: case study
Aphasia
Angular gyrus
Visual cortex
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Brain Reorganization: Plasticity
Splitting the Brain
Corpus Callosum
Split brains
Right and left hemispheres
Cerebral specialization (right-brained, left-brained)
Handedness (right vs. left)
Review Questions
1. How do neuroscientists explore the connection among, brain, mind and behavior?
2. What are the lower-level brain structures, and what are their functions?
3. What is a "reward deficiency syndrome" and how might it explain addictive disorders?
4. How do neural networks within the cerebral cortex enable our perceiving, thinking and
speaking?
5. What have researchers learned about the brain's functions from the case study of Phineas
Gage?
6. Describe the sequence of brain activity involved in seeing, hearing and speaking words.
7. What does it mean to say that the brain has "plasticity"?
8. What is a split br3.in, and what does it reveal about brain functioning?
9. What does it mean to be "right-brained" or "left-brained"?
10. Why do psychologists say "everything psychological is simultaneously biological"? What
does this statement mean?
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