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Brain Basics Study Guide 1. What is the largest part of the human brain and what is its function? Answer: Cerebrum – Associated with higher order functioning (thinking, perceiving, planning, understanding language) and voluntary behavior. 2. The cerebrum is divided into _two_____ hemispheres, bridged together by a bundle of fibers called the _corpus callosum___. 3. Covering the outermost layer of the cerebrum is the _cerebral cortex_. 4. What are the functions of the four lobes? Answer: Frontal- movement, higher thinking, emotional responses. Parietal- attention, language, space perception. Occipital- vision. Temporal- hearing, memory. 5. What is the amygdala responsible for? 6. The __cerebellum___ controls movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing. 7. What is the difference between gray matter and white matter? Answer: Gray matter nerve cell bodies. White matter contains myelinated axons. 8. What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and what are their functions? Answer: Sympathetic nervous system- “fight/flight”. Parasympathetic- “rest & digest”. 9. How many neurons are in the mammalian brain? Answer: 100 billion. 10. The three main components of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites, and axon. What are the functions of each component? Answer: Cell body- control center (nucleus & cytoplasm). Axons- extends from cell body & produces nerve terminals. Dendrite- receives messages from other neurons. 11. __Synapses____ are the contact points where one neuron communicates with another. 12. Many axons are covered with a myelin sheath, which _accelerates__ the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. This sheath is made by specialized cells called _glial cells___. Brain: oligodendrocytes. PNS: Schwann cells. 13. Nerve impulses involve the opening and closing of ___ion channels___. 14. An action potential occurs as the neuron switches from an internal __negative___ charge to a _positive___ charge. 15. When these voltage changes reach the end of an axon, they trigger the release of _neurotransmitters__.