Download The circulatory System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSbbDnbSEyM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbttJ-5do9M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiYOuI7iyp8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlCX2NCEgcM
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
AND THE BEAT GOES ON…
WILLIAM HARVEY
• EARLY THEORIES SUGGESTED THAT BLOOD
EBBED AND FLOWED LIKE A TIDE
• WILLIAM HARVEY SUGGESTED THAT THE HEART
PUMPED BLOOD THROUGH THE BODY
• HE DETERMINED THAT THE BODY’S BLOOD
VOLUME IS CIRCULATED OVER AND OVER
THROUGH THE BODY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pd3TFB0wOI0
https://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_atala_growing_organs_eng
ineering_tissue
• THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM TRANSPORTS ENERGY AND MATTER TO
MAINTAIN EQUILIBRIUM AMONG THE BODY SYSTEMS AS WELL AS
BETWEEN THE ORGANISM AND ITS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
• THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AIDS THE DIGESTIVE, EXCRETORY AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS AS IT EXCHANGES ENERGY AND MATTER
WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
MAIN FUNCTIONS
1. TRANSPORTATION
• THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART COLLECTS DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD FROM THE BODY AND PUMPS IT TO THE LUNGS.
• THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART COLLECTS OXYGENATED BLOOD
FROM THE LUNGS AND PUMPS IT TO THE BODY’S ORGANS
2. REGULATES TEMPERATURE
3. PROTECTS AGAINST BLOOD LOSS AND DISEASES
COMPARATIVE CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
• THE MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND BLOOD IS ESSENTIAL TO ALL
LIVING ORGANISMS.
• FLUIDS MOVE DIFFERENTLY IN DIFFERENT SPECIES. THERE ARE TWO
SYSTEMS OF FLUID CIRCULATION:
• OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• LARGE INTERNAL CAVITY WHERE THE BLOOD FREELY BATHES THE
TISSUES AND ORGANS
• FOUND IN INVERTEBRATES
• NOT AS FAST OR AS EFFICIENT AS A CLOSED SYSTEM
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• BLOOD ALWAYS MOVES THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.
• FOUND IN ALL VERTEBRATES
THE STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS
• THREE MAIN TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
• ARTERIES
• VEINS
• CAPILLARIES
ARTERIES
• THICK ELASTIC WALLS (MAINTAIN SHAPE
WHEN EMPTY)
• EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF THE
ARTERY WALLS KEEP BLOOD FLOWING
• ALL CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART 
HIGH PRESSURE
• MOST CARRY OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD EXCEPT
FOR THE PULMONARY ARTERIES
VEINS
• HAVE THINNER WALLS WHICH ARE
NOT ELASTIC FLACCID WHEN
EMPTY
• MUSCLES HELP KEEP BLOOD
FLOWING TO THE HEART  LOW
PRESSURE
• HAVE ONE-WAY VALVES 
SEMILUNAR VALVES
VEINS
• ALL CARRY BLOOD TOWARDS THE HEART
• MOST CARRY OXYGEN-POOR BLOOD EXCEPT FOR THE PULMONARY
VEINS
• MOST VENOUS FLOW IS AGAINST GRAVITY, SO BLOOD MOVES
THROUGH VEINS PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF SKELETAL MUSCLES SQUEEZING
THE VEINS
ARTERIES & VEINS
•
•
•
•
•
Arteries (A) and veins (C) have 3 layers.
The outer layer is a covering of connective tissue mixed with elastic tissue.
The middle layer consists of alternating, circular bands of elastic tissue and
smooth muscle tissue.
The inner layer is one cell thick and consists of flat, smooth cells. The shape and
texture of these cells reduce friction as blood moves through.
Capillaries (B) have one layer that is one cell thick.
CAPILLARIES
• SMALLEST BLOOD VESSELS
• CAPILLARY WALL IS A SINGLE LAYER OF CELLS
• CONNECT ARTERIES AND VEINS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVomwl_eFyU
ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN HEART
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
• THE HEART HAS A TOTAL OF FOUR CHAMBERS
• EACH CHAMBER HAS AN ENTRANCE AND AN EXIT WHICH ARE CONTROLLED BY VALVES
• VALVES ARE FLAPS OF THIN TISSUE THAT CONTROL THE FLOW OF THE BLOOD BY PREVENTING
IT FROM GOING BACKWARD.
Chamber
Place
Function
Left Atrium
Top left
Right Atrium
Top Right
Receives blood from the
lungs
Receives blood from the
entire body
Left Ventricle
Bottom left
Right Ventricle
Bottom right
Sends blood to the entire
body
Sends blood directly to the
lungs
LININGS OF THE HEART
• THE HEART TISSUE IS MADE UP OF SEVERAL LININGS AND LAYERS
• THE SMOOTH INNER LINING OF THE HEART IS CALLED THE ENDOCARDIUM 
PROVIDES A SMOOTH SURFACE FOR BLOOD CELLS TO SLIDE THROUGH
• THE OUTER LAYER IS CALLED THE EPICARDIUM  SMOOTH, TOUGH,
PROTECTIVE LAYER
• BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER LININGS IS THE STRONG CARDIAC MUSCLE
CALLED THE MYOCARDIUM
• THE HEART IS CONTAINED IN A SEPARATE SAC OF FLUID FOR PROTECTION
AND FOR REDUCED FRICTION CALLED THE PERICARDIUM
LOCATION
• THORACIC CAVITY (PROTECTED BY RIBS)
• SURROUNDED BY PERICARDIUM & SUSPENDED BY LARGE BLOOD VESSELS
SIZE
• ABOUT THE SIZE OF A LARGE FIST
• MASS OF ABOUT 300 GRAMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnv54V8Jj1U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGtLYtOwtxA
STRUCTURE
• TWO SEPARATE PUMPS WORKING TO PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS
FLOW OF BLOOD
• RIGHT  PULMONARY CIRCULATION
• LEFT  SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
• COMPOSED OF CARDIAC MUSCLE WHICH HAS THE INNATE ABILITY
TO CONTRACT WITHOUT EXTERNAL STIMULATION
(STIMULUS SPREADS ACROSS MUSCLE CELLS CAUSING RHYTHMIC
CONTRACTIONS)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uR4t__B-Zwg
ANATOMY
• PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE
HEART:
• SUPERIOR VENA CAVA - RETURNS BLOOD
FROM THE HEAD AND ARMS
• INFERIOR VENA CAVA - RETURNS BLOOD
FROM TRUNK AND LEGS
ANATOMY
• RIGHT ATRIUM - RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD - THIN WALLED CF. VENTRICLES (EXPANDS
WHEN IT RECEIVES BLOOD)
• TRICUSPID VALVE – BETWEEN THE RIGHT
ATRIUM AND RIGHT VENTRICLE
(3 PROJECTIONS)
• RIGHT VENTRICLE - PUMPS BLOOD
THROUGH SEMILUNAR VALVE TOWARD LUNGS
ANATOMY
• SEMI-LUNAR VALVE - PREVENTS BACK-FLOW FROM PULMONARY ARTERY INTO R.V.
• PULMONARY ARTERY - CARRIES BLOOD TO LUNGS
ANATOMY
 PULMONARY VEINS - BLOOD FROM LUNGS TO HEART
• LEFT ATRIUM - COLLECTS FRESHLY OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM
LUNGS
• BICUSPID VALVE (AKA MITRAL) PREVENTS BACK-FLOW INTO LEFT
ATRIUM (2 PROJECTIONS)
[TRICUSPID AND BICUSPID VALVES = ATRIOVENTRICULAR
VALVES]
• LEFT VENTRICLE - LARGEST MUSCLE CHAMBER - PUMPS BLOOD TO
THE BODY
ANATOMY
• SEMILUNAR VALVE (AORTIC) - PREVENTS BACK-FLOW FROM
AORTA TO LEFT VENTRICLE
• AORTA - CARRIES BLOOD TO BODY
• SEPTUM - MUSCULAR WALL SEPARATING ATRIA AND VENTRICLES
• HEART STRUCTURE LINK
HEART SOUNDS (LUBB-DUB…PAUSE…LUBB-DUB..PAUSE…)
• 1ST – LUBB
• AV VALVES CLOSING WHEN THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT - LOUDEST
AND STRONGEST
• 2ND - DUBB
• PULMONARY AND AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVES OPENING WHEN
BLOOD ATTEMPTS TO BACKFLOW INTO THE HEART AFTER VENTRICLE
CONTRACTION-SHORTER AND SOFTER
• SYSTOLE - VENTRICLES CONTRACT
• DIASTOLE - VENTRICLES RELAX
[HEART MURMUR - LEAKY VALVES]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJpT_wHZeF8
BE STILL MY BEATING HEART…
• THE BEATING OF THE HEART IS STIMULATED BY AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL IN
ORDER TO BEAT.
• HEART BEAT IS SET BY THE SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE (PACEMAKER ABLE TO
INDEPENDENTLY ABLE TO GENERATE NERVOUS SIGNALS TO GET THE HEART TO
CONTRACT WITHOUT ANY OTHER NERVOUS CONNECTION), A SPECIALIZED
MUSCLE TISSUE, LOCATED ON THE RIGHT ATRIUM
• SENDS A SIGNAL THAT MAKES THE ATRIA CONTRACT AND SQUEEZE BLOOD
THROUGH THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5rvTeAYuIY
• AS THE ATRIA CONTRACT THE SIGNAL IS SENT TO THE
ATRIOVENTICULAR (AV) NODE LOCATED IN THE SEPTUM
• THIS SENDS THE SIGNAL THROUGH A BUNDLE OF FIBERS CALLED
PURKINJE FIBERS.
• THIS CAUSES THE VENTRICLES TO CONTRACT AT ALMOST THE SAME
TIME (START AT THE BOTTOM AND SQUEEZE THE BLOOD UPWARD
AND OUT THE SEMILUNAR VALVES.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH (ECG)
• MEASURES THE CHANGE IN VOLTAGE PRODUCED BY THE
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL THROUGH THE HEART
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWrzdJY4G9Q
BLOOD PRESSURE
• IS THE PRESSURE THE BLOOD EXERTS ON THE WALLS OF A BLOOD VESSEL
• SYSTOLIC PRESSURE- MAXIMUM PRESSURE WHEN THE VENTRICLES CONTRACT
(VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION)  MAXIMUM PRESSURE WITHIN AN ARTERY.
• TYPICALLY 120MMHG
• DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- LOWEST PRESSURE BEFORE VENTRICLES CONTRACT
AGAIN. PRESSURE IN THE ARTERY DURING DIASTOLE, WHEN THE VENTRICLES
ARE AT REST
• TYPICALLY 80MMHG
BLOOD PRESSURE
• USUALLY MEASURED IN THE ARM
• MEASURED IN MMHG (MILLIMETERS OF MERCURY)
• MEASURED USING A SPHYGMOMANOMETER
• HEALTHY BLOOD PRESSURE IS 120MMHG OVER 80MMHG
(SYSTOLIC OVER DIASTOLIC)
CORONARY CIRCULATION
• FIRST BRANCHES OF AORTA OCCUR JUST
BEYOND THE AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
• LEFT AND RIGHT CORONARY ARTERIES
SUPPLY BLOOD TO THE HEART
[HEART ATTACK CAUSES MORE DEATHS THAN ACCIDENTS AND
OTHER DISEASES COMBINED]
[ANGINA PECTORIS - CHEST PAIN]
PATHWAYS
• THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HAS THREE DIFFERENT
PATHWAYS THAT IT TRAVELS
• THE PULMONARY PATHWAY
• THE SYSTEMIC PATHWAY
• THE CORONARY PATHWAY
THE PULMONARY PATHWAY
• TRANSPORTS
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD TO
THE LUNGS AND TAKES
OXYGENATED BLOOD BACK
TO THE HEART
THE SYSTEMIC PATHWAY
• TAKES THE OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE REST OF
THE BODY AND THEN TAKES THE DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM
THE BODY AND RETURNS IT TO THE HEART
• PATH RUNS FROM:
• AORTA ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VENULES
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA AND BACK TO THE RIGHT
VENTRICLE
THE CORONARY PATHWAY
• PROVIDES BLOOD TO THE HEART ITSELF
• CORONARY ARTERIES BRANCH OFF THE AORTA AND SPREAD OVER THE
SURFACE OF THE HEART, SUBDIVIDING INTO SMALLER CORONARY
VESSELS.
• EACH PROVIDES OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS PARTICULARLY TO VENTRICLES,
ALLOWING THEM TO CONTINUE CONTRACTING WITHOUT REST
• THE CORONARY VEIN RECYCLES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD FROM THE
HEART MUSCLE TO THE RIGHT ATRIUM
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
• ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• CONDITION IN WHICH THE WALLS OF
THE ARTERIES THICKEN AND BECOME
HARDER (NO LONGER ELASTIC)
• COMMON TYPE IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• BUILD UP OF PLAQUE ON THE ARTERY
WALLS
• DECREASES BLOOD FLOW AND
INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE
• CAN LEAD TO CHEST PAINS OR A HEART
ATTACK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0NF2ODfd9E
TREATMENT
• ASPIRIN OR OTHER MEDICATIONS
• ANGIOPLASTY- TUBE IS INSERTED INTO A CLOGGED ARTERY AND A TINY
BALLOON IS INFLATED TO FORCE ARTERY OPEN
• CORONARY BYPASS OPERATION- TAKE HEALTHY ARTERY FROM ELSEWHERE
AND CREATE A NEW PATHWAY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8P3n6GKBSY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWSUJlzo3zo
HEART MURMUR
• WHEN VALVES IN THE HEART DO NOT
CLOSE COMPLETELY
• BLOOD LEAKS PAST THE CLOSED HEART
VALVE
• OFTEN FOUND IN AV VALVES
• OFTEN PEOPLE WITH THIS DISORDER HAVE
FASTER HEART BEATS.
ANEURYSM
• BULGE THAT FORMS IN THE WALL OF A WEAKENED BLOOD VESSEL,
USUALLY AN ARTERY
• OFTEN DUE TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• THERE IS LESS SUPPORT AND IT EVENTUALLY RUPTURES
1. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE SYSTEMIC AND THE PULMONARY CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
2. YOU ARE CONCERNED WHEN YOU FIND OUT THAT YOUR BLOOD PRESSURE IS170/90. WHAT ARE
SOME POSSIBLE CAUSES, RELATED TO THE HEART, THAT MAY HAVE LEAD TO YOUR HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE? WHAT IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE?
3. EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF HOW A HEART ACTUALLY BEATS.
4. EXPLAIN THE TERMS DIASTOLE AND SYSTOLE
5. WHAT CAUSES THE CHARACTERISTIC OF HEART SOUNDS?
6. HOW DOES THE HEART COMPENSATE FOR THE IMPROPER FUNCTION OF THE AV VALVES?
7. WHAT IS AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM? WHY IS IT USEFUL? EXPLAIN WHAT THE DIFFERENT WAVES OF
AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM INDICATE.
8. COMPARE THE DIFFERENT VEINS, ARTERIES AND VALVES IN THE HEART. BE SURE TO INDICATE THE
FUNCTIONS, WHERE THEY ARE FOUND, WHAT THEY TRANSPORT AND WHERE THEY TRANSPORT THE
BLOOD. (VENA CAVA’S ARE ALSO NECESSARY)
1.
5.
6.
2.
7.
3.
8.
4.
9.
10.
• HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=T2IVQTCKMPQ
BLOOD AND CIRCULATION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmQwMllhCUM
THE CURSE OF ROYAL BLOOD
• BLOOD IS A CONNECTIVE TISSUE AS IT LINKS ALL
THE CELLS AND ORGANS IN THE BODY
• BLOOD CONSISTS OF TWO ELEMENTS:
• FLUID PORTION: PLASMA
(CONSISTS OF WATER, DISSOLVED GASES,
PROTEINS, SUGARS, ETC)
• SOLID PORTION: FORMED PORTION
(CONSISTS OF RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE
BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS)
PLASMA
• FLUID PORTION OF THE BLOOD
• COMPOSED OF WATER, PROTEINS, GASES, NUTRIENTS, SALTS,
WASTES
• CARRIES HORMONES [EG. ADRENALINE AND THYROXIN] &
HEAT
• DO NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS
• PLAY A KEY ROLE IN CLOTTING BLOOD
• WHEN INJURY OCCURS AT A BLOOD VESSEL SUBSTANCES ARE
RELEASED THAT ATTRACT PLATELETS
• THE PLATELETS WILL RUPTURE AND COMBINE WITH OTHER BLOOD
COMPONENTS TO CREATE AN ENZYME: THROMBOPLASTIN
• IF CALCIUM IONS (CA+) ARE PRESENT THE THROMBOPLASTIN WILL
REACT WITH PROTHROMBIN TO PRODUCE THROMBIN
• THROMBIN REACTS WITH FIBRINOGEN TO PRODUCE
FIBRIN
• THIS WILL THEN FORM A MESH OF STRANDS
AROUND THE INJURY WHICH TRAPS THE BLOOD AND
MAKES A CLOT
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=--bZUeb83uU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nU9Rah_cP5E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmhQkZsyPVQ
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Left: The three main components of
blood can be separated using a special
medical device called a blood
centrifuge. When the blood is
separated, it briefly settles into layers, as
shown here. Top: Mammalian red blood
cells (erythrocytes) are biconcave disks.
Hemoglobin reflects red wavelengths of
light so oxygenated red blood cells
appear a bright red colour.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66xFbUTNqd8
• MAKE UP ABOUT 44% OF THE TOTAL VOLUME OF BLOOD
• SPECIALIZED FOR OXYGEN TRANSPORT
• EACH RBC CONTAINS ABOUT 280 MILLION HEMOGLOBIN
MOLECULES
• HAVE NO NUCLEUS
• LIVE ONLY 120 DAYS
• IF THERE ARE TOO FEW RBC OR TOO LITTLE HEMOGLOBIN A
CONDITION CALLED ANEMIA OCCURS
• LESS NUMEROUS THAN RED BLOOD CELLS
(OUTNUMBER WHITE 700 TO 1)
• HAVE A NUCLEUS AND APPEAR COLORLESS
• PART OF THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO
INFECTION
LEUCOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
• LEUCOCYTES ARE DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS
1. GRANULOCYTES
• - NEUTROPHILS, BASOPHILS, AND EOSINOPHILS
• - ENGULF AND DESTROY FOREIGN BODIES (I.E. BACTERIA, FUNGI, ALLERGENS, AND
PARASITES)
2. MONOCYTES
• - LEAVE BLOODSTREAM TO BECOME MACROPHAGES
• - ENGULF AND DESTROY BACTERIA
3. LYMPHOCYTES
• - PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO DEFEND AGAINST INFECTION
BLOOD PRESSURE
• AFFECTED BY 5 FACTORS:
• A.
AMOUNT OF BLOOD
• LOSS OF BLOOD  PRESSURE LOSS
• B.
HEART RATE
• FASTER  PRESSURE INCREASE
• C.
ARTERY SIZE
• DILATION  B.P. DROP
• D.
ELASTICITY
• LACK OF  B.P. INCREASE
• E.
VISCOSITY
• HIGHER VISCOSITY  B.P. INCREASE
TRANSPORT
• ONE OF THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
• TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, WASTE, GASES
HOMEOSTATIC REGULATION
• REGULATES OUR BODY TEMPERATURE
• BLOOD COMING TO THE SKIN IS WARMER THAN THE SKIN AND
HEAT CAN BE LOST THIS WAY
• IF THE BODY BECOMES TOO WARM IT MUST RID ITSELF OF HEAT
• IT DOES THIS BY DILATING THE BLOOD VESSELS CLOSE TO THE
SKIN (VASODILATION) WHICH INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF HEAT
LOST FROM THE BLOOD THROUGH THE SKIN
• IF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS COLD THE BLOOD VESSELS
NEAR THE SURFACE CONSTRICT (VASOCONSTRICTION) SO THAT
NO EXTRA HEAT IS LOST
• COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGE IN DEEP
ARTERIES AND VEINS ALSO HELPS TO
MAINTAIN A STEADY TEMPERATURE IN THE
BODY
ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY
• ANTIGENS
• USUALLY PROTEINS FOUND IN OUTER COVERING OF
PARASITE OR IN ITS TOXIN
• FOREIGN SUBSTANCES THAT THE BODY REACTS TO
• ANTIBODIES
• PROTEIN THAT THE BODY PRODUCES TO RENDER ANTIGEN
HARMLESS
• EACH ANTIGEN HAS A DEFINITE ANTIBODY
• LOCK AND KEY IDEA - BODY PREPARES IT FOR
PHAGOCYTOSIS
BLOOD TYPES
•
ABO SYSTEM- CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN BLOOD TYPES BASED
ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A OR B ANTIGENS
• BLOOD TYPE IS AN INHERITED CHARACTERISTIC
• THERE ARE FOUR DIFFERENT BLOOD TYPES:
- A, B, AB, O
BLOOD TYPES
• A - PRODUCE ANTIGEN A AND ANTIBODY B
• B - PRODUCE ANTIGEN B AND ANTIBODY A
• AB - PRODUCE ANTIGENS A&B AND NO ANTIBODIES
• O - PRODUCES NEITHER ANTIGEN A OR B AND BOTH ANTIBODY A
AND ANTIBODY B
BLOOD
Blood Type
Antigen on Red Blood Cells
Antibody in Plasma
A
A
anti-B
B
B
anti-A
AB
A and B
none
O
none
anti-A and anti-B
BLOOD TYPES
• IF BLOOD TYPES DO NOT MATCH, RED BLOOD CELLS WILL CLUMP
AND SEPARATE FROM PLASMA -> FATAL
• TYPE A WILL REACT AGAINST TYPE B AND CAUSE CLUMPING
• SINCE AB HAS BOTH ANTIGENS AND NO ANTIBODIES IT IS KNOWN
AS THE UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
• SINCE O HAS NO ANTIGENS AND BOTH ANTIBODIES IT IS KNOWN
AS THE UNIVERSAL DONOR
RH FACTOR
• IMPORTANT IN PREGNANCY
• NAMED AFTER RHESUS MONKEY WHERE IT WAS
FIRST OBSERVED
• RH+ MEANS ANTIGEN PRESENT
• RH- MEANS ANTIGEN ABSENT
• SOMEONE WITH RH- BLOOD WILL MAKE ANTIBODIES IF
EXPOSED TO RH+ BLOOD
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
•
IF RH- MOTHER DEVELOPS ANTIBODIES WITH FIRST
PREGNANCY, SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES MAY HAVE
ANTIBODIES CROSSING
PLACENTA DESTROYING THE
FETAL RED BLOOD CELLS AND
CAUSING DEATH OF THE FETUS
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
IN THIS SECTION, YOU WILL:
• DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
• IDENTIFY AND LIST THE MAIN CELLULAR AND NON-CELLULAR
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN DEFENSE SYSTEM
• DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF THE CELLULAR AND NON-CELLULAR
COMPONENTS OF THE HUMAN DEFENSE SYSTEM
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CONNECTS
TO OUR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AT
THE SUBCLAVIAN VEINS
• LYMPH WORKS WITH WHITE
BLOOD CELLS TO PROTECT THE
BODY FROM INFECTION
(LYMPHOCYTES MATURE IN THE
LYMPH NODES)
• THE LYMPH NODES ALSO CONTAIN
MACROPHAGES WHICH TRAP AND
DESTROY BACTERIA
• THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM NOT ONLY TRANSPORTS THE EXTRA FLUIDS
EXPELLED OUT OF THE CAPILLARIES BUT OTHER COMPONENTS AS WELL.
• LIPIDS AND PROTEINS FROM THE LIVER AND INTESTINE ARE ADDED TO THE
LYMPH
• THE SYSTEM ALSO ADDS A SPECIAL TYPE OF WBC FROM STRUCTURES
CALLED LYMPH NODES
• THIS CLEANSING FLUID CIRCULATES IN SPECIAL LYMPH VESSELS THAT
RETURN IT TO THE BLOOD AT TWO LARGE DRAINING AREAS IN THE LEFT
AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY.
• UPPER LEFT SIDE AND LOWER REGIONS GREAT THORACIC DUCT
• UPPER RIGHT SIDE  LYMPHATIC DUCT
LYMPH NODES
•
THERE ARE MANY LYMPH NODES THROUGHOUT THE BODY
• THE SPLEEN, AND TONSILS ARE LARGE COLLECTIONS OF LYMPH NODES
• TONSILS THAT ARE FOUND IN THE PHARYNX REGION ARE CALLED
ADENOIDS
• THE LYMPH NODES ARE LOCATED STRATEGICALLY TO PRODUCE THE WBC
NEEDED FOR CERTAIN AREAS OF THE BODY.
• EXAMPLE: THE NODES IN THE GROIN AREA NORMALLY TAKE CARE OF
INFECTIONS IN THE LEGS ARE PELVIC REGION.
• IF AN INFECTION IS PRESENT, THE NODES OFTEN SWELL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaeUX5lFx-s
THE HUMAN DEFENSE SYSTEM
• THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE FOR THE BODY
IS TO PREVENT ORGANISMS FROM
ENTERING
• THE SKIN AND MUCUS THAT LINE THE
RESPIRATORY PASSAGES SERVE TO KEEP
OUT MOST MICROBES
• STOMACH ACIDS, OILS IN THE SKIN AND
ENZYMES IN TEARS ALSO BREAK DOWN
BACTERIA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YSgkoldBNkI
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
• THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• NEUTROPHILS, MONOCYTES, AND MACROPHAGES ALL KILL
BACTERIA BY ENGULFING THEM
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca
SPECIFIC DEFENSES (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY)
• ANTIBODIES ARE PROTEINS THAT
RECOGNIZE FOREIGN SUBSTANCES AND
EITHER NEUTRALIZE OR DESTROY THEM
• LYMPHOCYTES ARE PRIMARILY
RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS IMMUNE
RESPONSE
T AND B CELLS (LYMPHOCYTES)
• T CELLS ARE PRODUCED IN THE THYMUS GLAND
AND SIGNAL AN ATTACK FROM FOREIGN
INVADERS
• B CELLS PRODUCE
THE Y-SHAPED
ANTIBODIES
• B CELLS- B LYMPHOCYTES; MATURE IN THE BONE MARROW; CREATE
ANTIBODIES
- ONCE A C CELL IS ACTIVATED IT WILL ENLARGE AND DIVIDE TO
PRODUCE PLASMA CELLS AND
MEMORY B CELLS
- PLASMA CELLS- PRODUCE
ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF ANTIBODIES
TO FIGHT PATHOGENS
- MEMORY B CELLS REMAIN IN THE BLOOD
TO TRIGGER IMMUNE RESPONSE IF
INFECTED AGAIN
• T-CELLS- T LYMPHOCYTES; MATURE IN THE THYMUS GLAND
•
- THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF T CELLS THAT WORK TOGETHER
•
- WHEN AN INVADER IS DESTROYED BY PHAGOCYTOSIS ITS
ANTIGENS MOVE TO THE SURFACE OF THE CELL THAT ATE IT (USUALLY
MACROPHAGES)
•
- THEN HELPER T CELLS COME ALONG AND RECOGNIZE THE ANTIGEN
AND THEN STIMULATES THE ACTION OF B CELLS AND OTHER T CELLS
•
- KILLER T CELLS ARE STIMULATED BY HELPER T CELLS TO COME IN AND
KILL THE INFECTED CELLS (THE PUNCTURE HOLES IN THE CELL’S MEMBRANE)
•
- SUPPRESSOR T CELLS MAKE SURE THAT NO NORMAL TISSUE IS
DESTROYED
•
- MEMORY T CELLS REMAIN IN THE BLOODSTREAM IN ORDER TO ACT
QUICKLY IF THE INVADER WITH THE SAME ANTIGEN RETURNS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
• ANTIBODIES ARE Y-SHAPED
PROTEINS
• AN ANTIBODY ATTACHES TO
SPECIFIC ANTIGENS BECAUSE THEY
HAVE SIMILAR SHAPES
• OFTEN THE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
COMPLEX MAKES THE INVADER
MORE VISIBLE TO WANDERING
MACROPHAGES, WHICH ENGULF
THE BACTERIA
• ANTIBODIES CAN BIND TO TOXINS, CHANGING THEIR SHAPE
AND PREVENTING THEM FROM ENTERING CELLS
• ANTIBODIES ALSO WORK IN THE SAME MANNER ON VIRUSES
• HOWEVER, VIRUSES QUICKLY MUTATE AND PREVENT THE
SAME ANTIBODIES FROM WORKING FOR VERY LONG
• HIV CAN ACTUALLY “HIDE” INSIDE THE T CELLS THAT ARE
SUPPOSED TO SIGNAL ITS PRESENCE
RECOGNIZING ANTIGENS
•WHEN AN INVADER IS
DESTROYED BY A MACROPHAGE,
ITS ANTIGENS GO TO THE
MACROPHAGE SURFACE
•THE MACROPHAGE THEN
COUPLES WITH HELPER T CELLS,
WHICH READ THE ANTIGEN
SHAPE AND RELEASE
LYMPHOKINE
• THIS CHEMICAL CAUSES B CELLS TO
DIVIDE AND START TO PRODUCE
ANTIBODIES
• THE HELPER T CELLS ALSO ACTIVATE
KILLER T CELLS
• THE KILLER T CELLS DESTROY INVADING
CELLS AND BODY CELLS THAT ARE
INFECTED BY VIRUSES BY PUNCTURING
THEIR CELL MEMBRANES
• KILLER T CELLS CAN ALSO DESTROY
CANCER CELLS IF THEY HAVE ANTIGENS
THAT ARE DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL
BODY CELLS
• ONCE AN INFECTION IS FOUGHT OFF, SUPPRESSOR T
CELLS SIGNAL THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO SHUT DOWN
• PHAGOCYTES CLEAN UP ANY DEAD OR INJURED B AND T
CELLS THAT REMAIN
• FINALLY, MEMORY T CELLS PRODUCE COPIES OF THE
INVADER ANTIGENS SO THAT THEY CAN BE MORE EASILY
IDENTIFIED IN THE FUTURE
IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
•
BODY ATTACKS ITSELF
• OFTEN MUTATED T AND B CELLS ARE PRODUCED
THAT ARE CAPABLE OF ATTACK BUT WE HAVE SUPPRESSOR
T CELLS THAT HOLD THEM BACK
• IF THEY FAIL THE T AND B CELLS WILL ATTACK
NORMAL BODY CELLS
• EXAMPLES:
• RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- IMMUNE
RESPONSE AGAINST CONNECTIVE
TISSUES OF THE JOINTS
TYPE 1 DIABETES
•IMMUNE REACTION AGAINST THE INSULINPRODUCING CELLS OF THE PANCREAS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
•
ATTACK THE MYELIN SHEATH OF NERVE CELLS
•
ALLERGIES
WHEN YOU IMMUNE SYSTEM MISTAKES HARMLESS
ANTIGENS FOR HARMFUL INVADERS
• REACTION CAN BE MILD (TISSUE SWELLING) OR
SEVERE (ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK)
SUMMARY – CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• DELIVERS THE NUTRIENTS & GASES RECEIVED AND PROCESSED FROM
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT TO THE BODY’S TRILLIONS OF CELLS
• CIRCULATES BLOOD TRANSPORTING THE PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION
AND RESPIRATION AND MOVING WASTE MATERIALS FROM THE
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• ALSO REGULATES INTERNAL TEMPERATURE BY MOVING HEAT
PRODUCED BY THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
• ALSO TRANSPORTS HORMONES.
SUMMARY - HEART
• A FOUR-CHAMBERED, DOUBLE PUMP THAT MOVES THE
BLOOD THROUGH THE THREE CIRCULATORY
PATHWAYS
1. PULMONARY PATHWAY TRANSPORTS BLOOD
TO THE LUNGS.
2. SYSTEMIC PATHWAY MOVES BLOOD FROM THE
LUNGS TO THE BODY TISSUES AND BACK AGAIN.
3. CORONARY PATHWAY CIRCULATES BLOOD TO
THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF THE HEART.
SUMMARY - VESSELS
•ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
•VEINS CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART
WHERE IT IS PUMPED THROUGH THE LUNGS TO
EXCHANGE CARBON DIOXIDE FOR OXYGEN.
•EXCHANGE OF GASES, NUTRIENTS, AND WASTES
OCCURS IN THE CAPILLARIES, WHICH LINK THE
ARTERIES AND VEINS
SUMMARY - BLOOD
• BLOOD IS A TISSUE COMPOSED OF TWO PARTS:
• FORMED PORTION: RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS,
AND PLATELETS
• PLASMA THE FLUID PORTION
• EACH OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD HAS SPECIFIC
FUNCTIONS IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• RED BLOOD CELLS TRANSPORT OXYGEN; THE WHITE
BLOOD CELLS ARE PART OF THE BODY’S DEFENSE SYSTEM;
AND PLATELETS ASSIST THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN
HEALING ITSELF.
SUMMARY - BLOOD TYPES
• BLOOD TYPE INDICATES THE TYPE OF ANTIGENS FOUND
ON THE RED BLOOD CELL SURFACE
• IN THE ABO SYSTEM, A PERSON MAY BE TYPE A (ONLY A
ANTIGENS), TYPE B (ONLY B ANTIGENS), TYPE AB (BOTH A & B
ANTIGENS), OR TYPE O (NEITHER A NOR B ANTIGENS)
• ANOTHER GROUP OF ANTIGENS FOUND IN MOST RED
BLOOD CELLS IS THE RH FACTOR. WITHIN THE PLASMA
THERE ARE NATURALLY OCCURRING ANTIBODIES TO THE
ANTIGENS THAT ARE NOT PRESENT ON A PERSON’S RED
BLOOD CELLS. MIXING BLOOD TYPES CAN RESULT IN
AGGLUTINATION.
SUMMARY – IMMUNE RESPONSE
•THE BODY’S DEFENSE SYSTEM INCLUDES:
•BARRIERS (THE SKIN, EYELASHES, CILIA,
TEARS)
•NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES FOUND IN
THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(MACROPHAGES, NEUTROPHILS,
MONOCYTES)
•SPECIFIC DEFENSES (ANTIBODIES)
SUMMARY - DISORDERS
•DISORDERS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(SUCH AS ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE), THE BLOOD (SUCH AS HEMOPHILIA,
LEUKEMIA), OR THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
(AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES) ALL IMPAIR THE
TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS, GASES, AND
WASTES THROUGHOUT THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
.
CONCEPT ORGANIZER
REVIEW QUESTIONS
•HOW DOES BLOOD MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
•WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF SOMEONE LOST A LOT
OF BLOOD IN AN ACCIDENT?
•COMPARE SPECIFIC IMMUNITY WITH NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY.
•WHY CAN A PERSON WITH TYPE A OR B BLOOD
RECEIVE A TYPE O BLOOD TRANSFUSION?
•EXPLAIN TO A PARTNER WHAT ALLERGIES ARE.
UNIT EXAM
• Wednesday March 30, 2016
• Will cover the following:
• Parts of the heart
• Pathway of blood
• Blood
• Lymphatic System
• Areas to be aware of:
• Anything from your notes, in class discussions
and your textbook are fair game.