Download 2015 Midterm Exam

Midterm Exam
Questions Available Online March 5, 2015
Answers Due in Class March 12, 2015
Select the best answer, from the lettered choices, for each numbered question.
Please return your answers on a separate sheet with your name.
Cycle 1. The Hypothalamus (60 questions)
1-4. Neural Ectoderm (a) endoderm (b) epidermis (c)
mesoderm (d) neural crest (e) neural plate
5-8. Neurulation (a) alar (b) basal (c) BMP (d) CNS (e)
floor (f) hedgehog (g) PNS (h) roof
5. The neural groove becomes the _____ plate of the neural tube.
6. The floor plate secretes _____.
7. The roof plate secretes _____.
8. The neural crest gives rise to the _____.
9-12. Spinal Plates (a) alar (b) basal (c) floor (d) roof
13-14. Spinal Neurons (True or False)
13. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are part of the central nervous system.
14. Motor neurons the ventral spinal cord are part of the central nervous system.
15-18. Primary Vesicles (a) forebrain (b)
hindbrain (c) midbrain (d) spinal cord
19-23. Secondary Vesicles (a) central canal (b)
cerebral aqueduct (c) CSF (d) foramen (e) lateral
ventricles (f) third ventricle (g) fourth ventricle
24-31. Flat Map (a) basal ganglia (b) cerebral cortex (c)
hypothalamus (d) medulla (e) pons (f) tectum (g)
tegmentum (h) thalamus
32-38. Thermoregulation (a) hypothalamus (b) cerebrum (c) both (d) neither
Which brain region(s) is required for each behavior?
32. vasoconstriction
33. shivering
34. burrowing under wood shavings
35. vasodilation
36. water retention
37. panting
38. moving to cooler part of the cage
39-42. Diencephalon (a) epithalamus (b) hypothalamus (c)
pineal gland (d) pituitary gland
43-45. Hypothalamus & Pituitary (a) anterior commissure (b)
anterior pituitary (c) cranial nerve III (d) optic chiasm (e) posterior
pituitary (f) third ventricle
46-48. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis (a) adrenal cortex (b) anterior
pituitary (c) hypothalamus
46. Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) made?
47. Where is corticosterone made?
48. Where is corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) made?
49-50. Hypothalamic Neuropeptides (a) agouti-related peptide (b) -melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (c) oxytocin (d) vasopressin
49. Orexigenic (hunger) or catabolic tone.
50. Released in childbirth.
Questions 51-60 are based on the following paper:
Bonnavion P, Jackson AC, Carter ME & de Lecea L (19 FEB 2015). Antagonistic
interplay between hypocretin and leptin in the lateral hypothalamus regulates
stress responses. Nature Communications 6, 1-14.
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150219/ncomms7266/full/ncomms7266.html
51. Various disturbances of energy homeostasis, water homeostasis, etc. cause the
stress response, including activation of the HPA axis. [True / False]
52. Which of the following stimuli induce the stress response?
[electrical shock / novel environment / physical restraint / hypercapnia / food deprivation]
53. Which of the following are consequences of the stress response?
[increased heart rate / fragmented sleep / decreased exploration / “freezing-like” behavior]
54. Hypocretin release correlates with [increased / decreased] arousal or vigilance.
55. Another name for the peptide hypocretin is [ anorexin / orexin / oxytocin ].
56. CRF neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are [excited / inhibited] by
inputs from the hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area.
57. The photostimulation of neurons in 10-s pulse trains at 20 Hz, delivered three times
per minute over 1 h, amounts to how many individual light pulses?
[1800 / 3600 / 18,000 / 36,000 / 180,000 / 360,000]
58. Leptin is made in the [brown fat cells / hypothalamus / pancreas / white fat cells].
59. Picrotoxin is a
[GABA agonist / GABA antagonist / Glutamate agonist / Glutamate antagonist].
60. Leptin-sensitive GABA neurons in the [arcuate nucleus / lateral hypothalamic area]
suppress the hypocretin-induced activation of the HPA axis.
Cycle 2. Cortex & Thalamus (60 Questions)
1-10. Cerebral Lobes (a) frontal (b) insular (c) limbic (d) occipital (e) parietal (f) temporal
Where are these cortical areas?
1. Primary auditory cortex (A1)
2. Primary motor cortex (M1)
3. Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
4. Primary visual cortex (V1)
5. Higher areas of ventral visual stream, WHAT?
6. Higher areas of dorsal visual stream, WHERE?
7. Broca’s area, speech production.
8. Wernicke’s area, speech comprehension.
9. Gustatory area within lateral sulcus
10. Border of cerebral cortex
11-15. Gyrus & Sulcus (a) central sulcus (b) cingulate sulcus (c) corpus callosum (d) lateral
sulcus (e) sagittal fissure
11. Connects left and right hemispheres.
12. Separates left and right hemispheres.
13. Separates allocortex and neocortex.
14. Separates frontal and parietal lobes.
15. Separates temporal from other lobes.
16-21. Glial Cells (a) astrocyte (b) ependymal cell (c) microglia (d) oligodendrocyte (e) radial
glia (f) Schwann cell
16. Myelinating neuroglia, affected in multiple sclerosis.
17. Myelinating neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system.
18. Neuroepithelial cells forming cerebral spinal fluid.
19. Neuroepithelial cells supporting radial migrations.
20. Phagocytes of the central nervous system.
21. Star-shaped neuroglia recycling transmitters L-glutamic acid and GABA.
22-27. Glutamate & GABA (a) -amino-butyric acid (GABA) (b) GABA transaminase (c) Lglutamic acid (d) glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
22. Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
23. Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
24. Neurotransmitter of pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex.
25. Neurotransmitter of Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex.
26. Enzyme that makes GABA.
27. Enzyme that degrades GABA.
28-32. Axons & Dendrites (True or False)
28. Dendritic spines are presynaptic compartments.
29. Dendritic spines are found only on dendrites of glutaminergic neurons.
30. Dendrites integrate and propagate post-synaptic signals to the cell body.
31. The diameter of axons tapers going away from the neuron cell body.
32. Nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons are sites of synaptic excitation.
33-38. Pyramidal Neurons (a) apical dendrite (b) apical tuft (c) basal dendrites (d) collateral
axons (e) major axon (f) oblique dendritic branches
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
39-43. Pyramidal Cell Targets (a) L1 (b) L2 (c) L3 (d) L4 (e) L5 (f) L6
39. Association to other areas of ipsilateral hemisphere.
40. Commissure to like areas of contralateral hemisphere.
41. Reciprocal modulator (READ) of thalamic input.
42. Same as the “granular layer”.
43. Subcortical target & non-reciprocal driver (WRITE) of higher-order thalamic relays.
44-50. Vision (a) cone cell (b) fusiform face area (c) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
(d) MT/V5 (e) pulvinar (f) rod cell (g) V4
44. First-order thalamic visual relay.
45. Higher-order thalamic visual relay.
46. Cortical site of color blindness.
47. Cortical site of face agnosia.
48. Cortical site of motion blindness.
49. Retinal site of color blindness.
50. Retinal site of night vision.
Questions 51-60 are based on the following paper:
Yamawaki N & Shepherd GMG (4 FEB 2015). Synaptic circuit organization of motor
cotricothalamic neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 35, 2293-2307.
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/5/2293.full
51. Thalamocortical neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receive excitatory
inputs from [rods & cones / retinal ganglion cells / medial geniculate nucleus].
52. Thalamocortical neurons of the LGN project to [auditory / somatosensory / motor /
visual] cortex.
53. Corticothalamic neurons in L6 of visual cortex project to the [LGN / pulvinar].
54. Thalamocortical neurons in the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus received excitatory inputs
from [basal ganglia / cerebellum / corticospinal tract].
55. Thalamocortical neurons in the VL nucleus project to [auditory / somatosensory /
motor / visual] cortex.
56. In contrast to the thalamic relay nuclei, the neurons of the reticular nucleus (RTN)
release the neurotransmitter [GABA / Glutamate].
57. Axons collaterals of the [L5 pyramidal tract / L6 corticothalamic] neurons synapse
onto the RTN for disynaptic inhibition of the thalamocortical neurons.
58-60. In analogy to visual cortex, many corticothalamic axons in L6 of motor cortex
project to the VL nucleus, but unexpectedly, the authors found that the strongest
synaptic responses were in the VM and PO neurons. In THREE CLEAR SENTENCES,
how do they explain the apparent difference in the thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits
between sensory and motor areas?