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Unit 7 Exam (Mid-term): Focus on Motivation & Emotion “A” Day - Jan. 12 and “B” Day - Jan. 13 37 new questions & 113 review questions = 150 questions (No FRQ) 27 vocabulary terms (pp. 511 & 547) MOTIVATION Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Instinct Theory Homeostasis Incentive Theory (push and pull) Drive-Reduction Theory Hunger Glucose Ventral Medial hypothalamus Insulin Set-point theory Lateral hypothalamus Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia) Sex Masters and Johnson sexual cycle Belongingness Why we need to belong Achievement Motivation Need for achievement Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation 1 EMOTION & STRESS Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Two-factor Theory (Schacter) Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Catharsis Hypothesis Relative Deprivation Theory Non-verbal communication Facial-feedback effect Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Neurological basis for emotion (amygdala) Physiology of emotion The universally understood language (facial expressions) Stress Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology Stressors Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Stress Appraisal General Adaptation Syndrome Epinephrine Type A/Type B personalities Psychophysiological illness Biofeedback Perceived control ***The presence of subtopics does not exclude questions about the major topic. I only include certain subtopics to further assist you.*** 2 RESEARCH & APPROACHES (UNIT 1) William James and functionalism Naturalistic Observation All Psychology Perspectives Correlational Studies – correlational coefficients Hindsight bias Case Studies Experiment - Operational Definition, Population versus sample, Random assignment, Random Sampling Surveys – wording effects Calculating mean, median and mode Overconfidence BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR (UNIT 2) Autonomic Nervous System Hippocampus Peripheral Nervous System Hypothalamus All-or-none response Reticular formation Structure of a neuron Motor cortex Synapse Occipital lobe and temporal lobe Brain Imaging Parietal lobe (sensory cortex) Broca and Wernicke's Area Split-Brain patients Association Areas Neurotransmitters Experience and Brain Development Hormones Lesion Traits that are genetically predisposed Medulla and cerebellum Nature versus nurture SENSATION & PERCEPTION (UNIT 3) Absolute threshold Bottom-up vs. top-down processing Signal Detection Theory Change blindness Difference threshold Weber's law and JND Gestalt – closure, connectedness, proximity, similarity Parallel processing Figure/ground Transduction Opponent-process theory Depth perception: binocular vs. monocular cues, interposition, relative size, linear perspective, relative height, relative clarity, linear perspective, texture gradient Young-Helmholtz Theory Visual cliff and depth perception Structure and function of ear Perceptual adaptation Kinesthetic versus vestibular sense Perceptual constancy: size and shape constancy Eye structure and function – rods/cones Semicircular canals Perceptual set Sensory Adaptation Selective attention / cocktail party effect Sensory interaction Visual capture 3 STATES of CONSCIOUSNESS (UNIT 4) Drugs: Stimulants, Depressants, Hallucinogens - be able to classify drugs and know effects of each Manifest content of dreams Circadian rhythm Sleep stages – especially REM sleep Sleep disorders - sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia, night terrors Hypnosis – split or divided consciousness theory, dissociation, Hilgard, hidden observer Tolerance and withdrawal Learning (UNIT 5) Watson and observable behavior Skinner Classical versus operant conditioning Shaping Classical conditioning (including US, CS, etc.) Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Generalization Schedules of reinforcement Spontaneous recovery Primary and secondary reinforcers Operant conditioning Observational Learning Negative and positive reinforcement, and punishment and their effects on operant conditioning Latent learning Cognitive maps Cognition (UNIT 6) Memory Context effects Spacing effect Mood-congruent memory Echoic memory State-dependent memory Explicit memory Encoding, storage and retrieval Implicit memory Sensory memory Priming Short-term memory Forgetting – encoding and retrieval failure Long-term memory Retroactive and proactive interference Rehearsal Memory construction Mnemonic device Misinformation effect Chunking Role of epinephrine in memory Semantic encoding Role of Hippocampus in memory formation Language Phonemes and morphemes Chomsky's theory of language acquisition Semantics Skinner's theory of language Syntax Critical period for language Stages of language development Whorf's linguistic relativity theory 4 5
