Download LO1 Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses

IDEAS & Aims
Tim N. Taylor
Linda Copeland
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Style
Matters
PART FIVE: SENTENCE SKILLS: IMPROVING STYLE
AND CORRECTING ERRORS
Chapter 14
Style Matters
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn how to . . .
LO1
LO2
LO3
LO4
LO5
Identify and create independent clauses, dependent
clauses, and phrases.
Understand and create simple sentences.
Understand and write compound sentences.
Understand and write complex sentences.
Understand and write compound-complex sentences.
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn how to . . .
LO6
LO7
Write sentences that contain well-placed modifiers.
LO8
Eliminate wordy constructions to make sentences
concise.
Write sentences containing appropriate appositives
and parallel constructions.
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Introduction
• A writer who has crafted different types of sentences
and varied the lengths of those sentences is said to
have style.
• To have style as a writer, you need to know how to
construct different types of sentences.
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Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
All sentences must have at least one independent clause.
• An independent clause—or a complete sentence—has three
parts:
Subject
Verb
Complete Thought
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Subjects
• The subject of a sentence usually answers the question “Who or
what is the sentence about?” The subject of a sentence is usually
a noun or a pronoun.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Subjects
• A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Most nouns are common nouns. They are not capitalized.
• Proper nouns, which name particular persons, places, or things,
are always capitalized.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Common Nouns
country
language
boy
gum
day
month
Proper Nouns
France
English
Andrew
Trident
Wednesday
January
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.
• Pronouns that can be used as subjects include the following:
I
you
he
she
we
it
they
everybody
everything
someone
somebody
everyone
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these
those
that
this
which
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Examples of Independent Clauses with Subjects Bolded:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Kara hopes to complete her degree in occupational therapy in
two years.
The art museum will open an exhibit on impressionism next
month.
I plan to join the campus Horticulture Club.
Smoking is not allowed in my community’s businesses.
English and algebra are my hardest subjects.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 1: Identify Subjects
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 1: Identify Subjects
• 1. Roya plans to major in computer science.
• 2. She would like a career as a web designer.
• 3. Who will be able to drive car pool next week?
• 4. Regular dieting and exercising will control most people’s weight.
• 5. Studying takes up most of my time on weekends.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Verbs
• A complete sentence must have a verb. Most verbs are action
verbs, which tell us what the subject is doing and when the
action occurs.
eat
hope
sang
allowed
taught
learned
made
waited
spoke
forget
fly
sleep
catch
watch
run
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Verbs
• Linking verbs link the subject of a sentence to one or more
words that describe or identify the subject.
was
were
am
is
are
become
has
have
seem
appear
act
turn
sound
get
remain
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feel
grow
taste
look
smell
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Verbs
• Helping verbs can be used to help the main verbs express a
special meaning or a particular time.
can
had
are
am
might
did
have
was
should
could
does
has
being
must
may
do
is
will
shall
would
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were
been
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Examples of Independent Clauses with Subjects Bolded and
Verbs Underlined:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The band played for over two hours.
Everybody was standing and swaying to the music.
This is the best concert of the year.
The dog leaped into the air and caught the Frisbee.
Alan should have been paying more attention.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 2: Identify Subjects and Verbs
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 2: Identify Subjects and Verbs
• 1. Your success will depend upon your effort.
• 2. Amy entertained us with her jokes.
• 3. The trip to Mexico sounded like an inexpensive vacation.
• 4. We had been planning this vacation for two years.
• 5. Who would have expected a hurricane?
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Problems in Identifying Subjects and Verbs
• Some sentence constructions can confuse writers and lead to
errors in subject/verb agreement and fragments.
• The most common problems in identifying subjects and verbs
are the following:
Confusing words in prepositional phrases for subjects and verbs
Finding subjects after verbs
Confusing participles with verbs
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Confusing Words in Prepositional Phrases for
Subjects and Verbs.
• The subjects and verbs of independent clauses are never found in
a prepositional phrase—a group of words following a
preposition. Remembering this rule will help you avoid subjectverb agreement errors in your writing.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A box of matches sits on the fireplace mantel.
The houses near the river run the risk of being flooded.
The villagers tried to flee the approaching tsunami.
Letters in an old suitcase were the basis of a best-selling novel.
Jon used several techniques to try to relax before tests.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 3: Identify Prepositional Phrases,
Subjects, and Verbs
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 3: Identify Prepositional Phrases,
Subjects, and Verbs
• 1. A can of month-old baked beans sits in my brother’s
refrigerator.
• 2. Amber wanted to impress her boss by taking on extra
responsibilities without extra pay.
• 3. The screams of the unhappy baby echoed through the
quiet church.
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EXERCISE 3: Identify Prepositional Phrases,
Subjects, and Verbs
• 4. The origins of that word can be found in the Oxford English
Dictionary.
• 5. The jockey urged his horse to reach the finish line first.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Finding Subjects after Verbs.
• Subjects can come after verbs—the words that describe the
action or state of being of the subject.
• To determine the subject in these kinds of sentences, ask “Who
or what is the sentence about?” or “Who or what is performing
the action in the sentence?”
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Examples:
• 1. Here are the invoices from last month.
• 2. There have been several complaints about cars speeding in
school zones.
• 3. Running through the city park was a pack of stray dogs.
• 4. There goes the man in charge of the recycling center in my city.
• 5. In my refrigerator were expired milk, moldy cheese, and a box
of baking soda.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 4: Identify Prepositional Phrases,
Subjects, and Verbs
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 4: Identify Prepositional Phrases,
Subjects, and Verbs
• 1. Scrambling across the field to kick the ball were three
aspiring soccer stars.
• 2. Here are the tickets to get into the concert.
• 3. Rising over the mountains was a golden morning sun.
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EXERCISE 4: Identify Prepositional Phrases,
Subjects, and Verbs
• 4. There have been three principals in three years at my son’s
school.
• 5. Huddled at the school bus stop were three small children in
winter snowsuits.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• Confusing Participles with Verbs.
• Do not confuse a participle phrase with the verb of a sentence.
• A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective in a sentence.
Participles ending in -ing often introduce phrases or groups of words
that describe a noun or pronoun in a sentence.
• Writers sometimes mistake these participles as verbs and end up
writing fragments.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Fragments with Highlighted
Participles
Jay daydreaming at his
desk
Job applicants hoping for
an interview
Albert being an honest
man
Fragments Corrected by
Adding a Helping Verb
Fragments Corrected by
Adding a Verb and Finishing
the Thought
Jay had been daydreaming at Jay, daydreaming at his desk,
did not notice his angry boss
his desk.
standing behind him.
Job applicants were hoping
for an interview.
Job applicants, hoping for an
interview, formed a line
stretching down the street.
Albert has been an honest
man.
Albert, being an honest man,
returned the wallet he found
to the owner.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments
• 1. Ansai hoping to impress his supervisor
• a. Ansai had been hoping to impress his supervisor.
• b. Ansai, hoping to impress his supervisor, worked late every
night this week.
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EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments
• 2. Bags sitting unclaimed at the airport
• a. Bags were sitting unclaimed at the airport.
• b. Bags, sitting unclaimed at the airport, are searched by
airport personnel.
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EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments
• 3. The coach watching the young rookie in the bullpen
• a. The coach had been watching the young rookie in the
bullpen.
• b. The coach, watching the young rookie in the bullpen, took
diligent notes.
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EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments
• 4. My car sputtering and smoking
• a. My car was sputtering and smoking.
• b. My car, sputtering and smoking, slowly came to a stop.
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EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments
• 5. Cody singing the national anthem
• a. Cody is singing the national anthem.
• b. Cody, singing the national anthem, brought the crowd to
their feet.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
An independent clause can stand alone as a complete
sentence.
All sentences must have at least one independent clause.
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Dependent clauses have two parts:
• Subject
• Verb
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
A dependent clause may not stand alone as a sentence.
A dependent clause written by itself is a fragment.
To correct a dependent clause fragment, add an
independent clause.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Dependent Clause Fragment
Correction
Because my alarm was broken
Because my alarm was broken, I
overslept and missed class.
Which is my favorite show
A power outage interrupted Law and
Order, which is my favorite show.
So that I will get the classes I need
I always register early so that I will
get the classes I need.
Although my car is old
Although my car is old, it is still
reliable.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 6: Correct Dependent Clause
Fragments
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 6: Correct Dependent Clause
Fragments
• 1. Before I begin drafting a paper, I prewrite and organize.
• 2. Even though my car is old and has a lot of miles on it,
I would not trade it for anything.
• 3. I hope to have a career in cyber forensics, which is why I
attend college.
• 4. When I have free time, I enjoy playing video games.
• 5. I will have to settle for part-time jobs until I finish my education.
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
A phrase is a group of words that add detail to a
sentence.
A phrase may be missing a subject and/or a verb.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
Examples of Phrases:
my role model and friend
someone to count on
the sun rising in the east
now and forever
finding the time
quickly yet efficiently
quietly weeping
barking and growling
long ago and far away
taking his good old time
strict but fair
sweeping across the sky
a tough nut to crack
bright green berries
to give thanks
a man ahead of his time
soft and fluffy
knowing the right people
warm and cozy
of all the people I know through all our time together
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Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• A sentence must contain at least one independent
clause in order to be complete. Most sentences also
have one or more of the other building blocks:
dependent clauses and phrases.
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LO1: Identify and create independent clauses,
dependent clauses, and phrases.
• As the clerk rang up my purchase, I noticed that she worked
quickly and efficiently.
• When the alarm sounded, the firefighters gathered their gear
and jumped into the waiting fire truck.
• Lumbering across the road, the buffalos of Yellowstone Park
stopped traffic while tourist snapped pictures.
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
EXERCISE 7: Identify Independent Clauses,
Dependent Clauses, and Phrases
Let’s Review and Apply
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EXERCISE 7: Identify Independent Clauses,
Dependent Clauses, and Phrases
• 1. ___
P
caring for the environment
• 2. ___
DC
when Samuel returned from vacation
• 3. ___
DC
which will enable me to find a job
• 4. ___
IC
sometimes TV commercials seem to go on forever
• 5. ___
P
my new interests in genealogy and archeology
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EXERCISE 7: Identify Independent Clauses,
Dependent Clauses, and Phrases
• 6. ___
IC
Esteban visits a chiropractor for relief from back
pain
• 7. ___
P
to pick the best candidate for the job
• 8. ___
DC
although the algebra class was challenging
• 9. ___
DC
if you take the time to review your notes each
evening
• 10. ___
IC
writing is a skill requiring a lot of practice
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Chapter 14 Style Matters
LO1: Identify and Write Independent Clauses,
Dependent Clauses, and Phrases.
Let’s Review and Apply
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1. Identify the subjects and verbs in the
following sentences. (LO1)
• a. Somebody hit my car and left a note on my windshield.
• b. Late-night talk shows keep me awake most evenings.
• c. Damon and Andreas have organized a neighborhood beautification
group.
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2. Identify prepositional phrases, subjects, and
verbs in the following sentences. (LO1)
• a. Bert hoped to win the affection of Jenny by sending her
flowers.
• b. Blocks of ice from the glacier have started to crumble and fall
into the ocean.
• c. My house along with several others in my neighborhood was
damaged by the storm.
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3. Identify prepositional phrases, subjects, and
verbs in the following sentences. (LO1)
• a. There is no way to open the safe without a combination.
• b. In my closet hang clothes from my high school years.
• c. On the kitchen counter lay the bill for the plumbing work on
my sink.
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4. Correct the following fragments two ways. First, add a
helping verb to the participle to create a complete
sentence. Then correct the fragment by adding a verb
and completing the thought after the participle phrase.
(LO1)
• My dog barking and growling
• My dog was barking and growling.
• My dog, barking and growling, scared away the burglar.
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5. Identify each of the following groups of words as an
independent clause (IC), a dependent clause (DC), or a
phrase (P). (LO1)
P Marco hoping to play professional soccer
• a. ___
• b. DC
___ before we could paint the room
IC
• c. ___
learning a new skill takes practice
DC
• d. ___
although my team did not win the championship game
P
• e. ___
to prepare for any emergency
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