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Minimum Grammar for Maximum Effect Some technical vocabulary for sentence grammar in writing: a means to an end Phrase: a group of related words which does not contain a subject and a predicate and which functions as a single part of speech. (e.g. in the school, running a mile, preparing a report, to sing a song. Used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs) Types: prepositional: to Europe; with shoulders like those infinitive: to take a look; to split the infinitive participial: (present) shambling provocatively; (past ) ejected from the top hat Preposition: a linking word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a phrase or sentence. (e.g. to, in, about, above, around, among, off, on, by under, from, over, near, during.) Clause: a group of words which has both a subject and a predicate Types: Independent (main): makes a complete statement and can stand alone as a sentence. e.g. I took my umbrella. My time is limited. Dependent (subordinate): It cannot stand alone. It depends on the rest of the sentence to complete its meaning. Dependent clauses express relationships (e.g. When a boy drives a car; Where I had left it, If you have your homework here.) Conjunctions: are words that join clauses or phrases Coordinating conjunctions link phrases or clauses of equal importance (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So =FANBOYS) (e.g. They used to meet in the parking lot or at a nearby bar. ) Subordinate conjunctions join dependent clauses to independent clauses (e.g. if, as, since, because,. although, though, while, so that, when.) Independent markers (conjunctive adverbs) an adverb used to connect or link independent clauses or sentences ( e.g. however, moreover, consequently, therefore.) 1 Sentence: a group of words expressing a complete thought. It must have a subject and a predicate. The subject is the person or thing about which the verb makes a statement. The predicate is what is said of the subject. The predicate must contain a finite verb- i.e. one which completes and independent statement . Note that participle and infinitives are not finite verbs. Grammatical classification of sentences: Simple: expresses one complete thought. A single independent clause. (e.g. George bought a new car.) Compound:- contains two or more independent clauses. Two simple sentences combined by an appropriate link word. (e.g. George bought a new car, and crowds of his students stood and stared.) Complex: contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. (e.g. When he had enough money, George bought a new car.) Compound- Complex: Have the characteristics of both compound and complex sentences. It has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. (e.g. When he had enough money, George, who was the meanest man on earth, bought a new car, and crowds of his students stood and stared.) Sources: Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2011) Australian Curriculum: English. Glossary of Terms. http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au Australian Government Publishing Service (1994) Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 5th edition. Canberra. McPherson’s Printing Group. Bailey, Brian, V.Shaffer and H. Shaw (1960) Handbook of English. Sydney. McGraw Hill. Collerson, Brian. (1997) Grammar in Teaching. Sydney, Primary English Teachers Association Gordon, Karen (1983) The New Well-Tempered Sentence. Boston. Houghton Mifflin. Gordon, Karen, (1993) The Deluxe Transitive Vampire. The Ultimate handbook of Grammar for the Innocent, the Eager and the Doomed. New York, Random House. Strunk, William and E.B. White. (1979) The Elements of Style.3rd edition. New York, MacMillan. 2