Download Macromolecule: Carbohydrates Polarity: Polar Functions: Store

Macromolecule: Carbohydrates
Polarity: Polar
Functions:
Store energy in a way that is easily accessible by the body
Many dissolve in water
Diagram:
Functional groups and formation:
Hydroxyl group
Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide
when dehydration synthesis occurs
between specific hydroxyl groups on each,
forming a glycosidic linkage
Carbonyl group
Related terminology:
Sugar, starch – examples of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide – one, two, or many monosaccharides
Dehydration synthesis – bonding between specific hydroxyl groups on CHOs, with the resultant loss
of H2O.
Glycosidic linkage – covalent bond between monosaccharides
Macromolecule: Lipids
Polarity: Non-polar
Functions:
Efficient energy-storage molecules, with more than double the energy per gram than carbohydrates (but this
energy is less accessible to cells than in CHOs) – long term energy accessed after CHOs are used up
Insulate against heat loss, protective cushion for major organs, component of cell membranes, provide waterrepelling coatings for fur, feathers, and leaves
Diagram:
Functional groups and formation:
Hydroxyl group
Carboxyl group
Ester linkage – bond between the hydroxyl
group on a glycerol molecule and the
carboxyl group on a fatty acid (results in
the formation of an ester functional group)
Related terminology:
Triglyceride – glycerol + three fatty acids
Hydrophobic – do not dissolve in water
Fatty acid – hydrocarbon chain ending with a carboxyl –COOH group
Saturated FA – no double bonds between C atoms (solids); Unsaturated FA – has double bonds between Cs (mono- & poly- unsaturated)
Phospholipids – glycerol + two fatty acids + phosphate – forms the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
Steroids – lipids with four C-based rings (ex. Cholesterol); Waxes – diverse structures, solids at room temp.
Hydrogenation – addition of hydrogen to unsaturated FA of triglycerides (increases trans fats, which inc. risk of heart disease)
Macromolecule: Proteins
Polarity: Varies, but all are somewhat polar
Functions:
Enzymes (biological catalysts); structural support (ex. Bones, beaks); transport (ex. Blood proteins,
cell membrane proteins); movement (muscle contraction); regulating cell processes (ex. Hormones);
defence from disease (ex. Antibodies)
Diagram:
Functional groups and formation:
Hydroxyl group
Amino group
Peptide bond – forms between the
hydroxyl group of one a.a. and the amino
group of another a.a.
Related terminology:
Amino acids (20) – monomers of proteins (C with amino group, carboxyl group, and R group/side chain)
Essential amino acids (8) – not produced by the body and must be consumed in food
Polypeptide – polymer composed of amino acid monomers joined by covalent bonds
Denaturation – unfolding of a protein, or breaking of intermolecular and intramolecular bonds due to heat, cold,
and exposure to certain chemicals (results in loss of function)
Macromolecule: Nucleic Acids
Polarity: Polar
Functions:
DNA – contains genetic information of the organism (double helix)
RNA – assists in converting the instructions from DNA into the a.a. sequence of proteins (single stranded)
Diagram:
Functional groups and formation:
Phosphate group
Amino group
Phosphodiester bond – occurs between
phosphate group on one nucleotide and a
hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next
nucleotide in the strand (makes up the
alternating sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA
and RNA)
Related terminology:
Deoxyribose – sugar in DNA (missing an O); Ribose – sugar in RNA (has all the Os)
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil – nitrogenous bases (U is only in RNA; T is only in DNA)
Nucleic acid – composed of nucleuotide monomers
Nucleotide – sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base