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Animal Diversity Comparison Chart by Shunkwiler and Wise
Phylum/
Major
Skeletal/
Muscular/
Representative Characteristic Support
Movement
Organism
s
Porifera
No Muscular System/
Choanocytes have flagella
that creates a current
No nervous system: They have
cells in their outer layer that
contract when touched and may
cause the pores to close
Eumetazoa
Radiata
No skeletal system
Have a middle jelly-like cell
layer called mesoglea which
contains the muscles.
Stinging nematocyst.
Have the simplest nervous
system with neurons that are
linked to one another in a nerve
net. Little coordination and no
control of complex actions.
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Aceolomate
Protostome
No skeletal system
Longitudinal (long),
circular, and oblique (side to
side) muscles cause
movement
Gastrovascular cavity:
Food enters the mouth into a saclike gut, gets digested and wastes
exit through the mouth
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Pseudocoelomate
Protostome
No skeletal system
Have lateral muscles that
cause a “whipping” side to
side motion
Have two nerve cords that run
down the body and converge
into a concentration of neurons
called a ganglion in the head
region.
Ventral nerve cord running
down the length of the body.
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Coelomate
Protostome
Segmented
No skeletal system
Have a large ganglion or brain,
and each segment has a pair of
fused ganglia.
One way: Alimentary canal
Mouth to pharynx to esophagus to
crop (stores and moistens food) to
gizzard (grinds food) to intestine
and then to the anus
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Coelomate
Protostome
Outer shell with a
soft body
Peristaltic motion:
Segments have circular
muscles which expand, and
longitudinal muscles which
run along the length of the
worm.
Setae: chitin bristles that
anchor for movement.
Muscular foot aids in
movement
Series of ganglia that conduct
impulses
One way: Alimentary canal
Use a radula to scrape food from
rocks
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Coelomate
Exoskeleton made of
chitin and protein
Prevents water loss
Muscles attached to
exoskeleton
3 fused pairs of ganglia which
forms the brain. Chain of
ganglia along the ventral body.
One way: Alimentary canal
Uses a variety of methods to feed
(mandibles, fangs, poison, pincers,
Polyp (immobile)
and Medusa
(swimming forms)
Flatworms
Nematoda
Roundworms
Annelida
Earthworm
Mollusca
Clam-Bilvalve
Snail-Gastropod
Octopus-Cephalopod
Arthropoda
Grasshopper-Insecta
Choanocytes beat their flagella to
draw water into the pores, where
food particles become trapped
inside of the sponge by collar cells
and then nutrients are absorbed
Incomplete Tract:
Food enters mouth, digestion
occurs inside of the gastrovascular
cavity where wastes exit out of the
mouth.
No skeleton
Protein fibers called
spongin and cells
called spicules
Hydra (Jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes
Digestion
Parazoa
Sponge
Cnidaria
Nervous
One way: Alimentary canal
This is the first phylum to display a
one way digestive tract (with an
anus)
Spider-Arachnida
Protostome
Segmented
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Coelomate
Deutorstome
Secreted by the
epidermis
Endoskeleton made
of calcium-rich
plates called ossicles
Eumetazoa
Bilaterera
Coelomate
Deutorstome
Segmented
etc.)
Water- vascular system.
Muscular sac called ampulla
(inside of tube feet) for
movement
No brain. Nerve ring which
surrounds the mouth and has
branches into each ray.
Endoskeleton made
of either cartilage or
bone
Skeletal Muscles attached to
bones
Cardiac
Smooth Muscles
Neural crest
Notochord to protect spinal cord
Brain
Spinal Cord
Same
Same
Amphibians
Agnatha and
Chondrichtyes have
cartilage skeleton
All other fish have
bone
Same
One way:
Alimentary canal
Everts stomach through the mouth
to obtain prey
Secretes digestive enzymes
One way:
Alimentary canal
Take in food through their mouth
to esophagus, to stomach to small
and large intestine and out through
the anus
Same
Same
Same
Same
Reptiles
Same
Same
Same
Same
Birds
Hollow, lightweight
bones for flight
Same
Same
Same
Same
Muscular diaphragm
Same
Same
Echinodermata
Starfish
Chordata
Fish
Mammals
Phylum Name
Respiratory
Circulatory
Excretory
Reproduction
Porifera
No respiratory
system
Cells exchange gases
by diffusion
No true circulatory system
Amoebocytes (wandering cells)
in the middle layer carry nutrients
from cell to cell
No distinct system
Choanocytes create a current
with their flagella that draws
water in through the pores and
out through the osculum
Cnidaria
No respiratory
system
Cells exchange gases
by diffusion
No distinct system
Excrete wastes through the
mouth
Platyhelminthes
No respiratory
system
Gases diffuse
directly across the
worm’s surface =
integumentary
exchange
No respiratory
system
Cells exchange gases
by diffusion
No respiratory
system
Cells exchange gases
by diffusion through
moist skin
Gas exchange
usually through gills
No lungs
No true circulatory system
The gastrovascular cavity digests
food and distributes substances
It is sometimes lined with
flagellated cells to help stir the
nutrients and distribute them
No true circulatory system
Oxygen diffuses directly from the
water to the cells of the flatworm
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the
cells
Asexual budding: where an individual grows out of the
body of the original
Asexual fragmentation: where the sponge breaks into
several pieces that can each develop into an individual
Sexual: sperm and egg are released into the water
where they meet to form a larva
Polyp reproduces asexually by budding
Medusa reproduce sexually by releasing egg and sperm
into the water where they meet to form free swimming
larva called planulae
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Small openings all
over the body called
spiracles lead to
internal tubes called
trachea where gas
exchange takes place
-Gills are present in
aquatic arthropods
-Book lungs are
present in spiders
Gills called papulae
Flame cells contain cilia that
pull water and solutes in from
interstitial fluid, which then
exits through a nephridiopore
No circulatory system
Similar to Platyhelminthese
Hermaphroditic: each individual produces egg and
sperm so when they mate, each receives sperm from
the other
Asexual regeneration: flatworms can regenerate if cut
Sexual reproduction: hermaphrodites
Closed circulatory system where
blood is enclosed within blood
vessels
Have multiple hearts which pump
blood
Most have Open circulatory
system/
Squids have closed circulatory
system
Open circulatory system where
there are no blood vessels
Body fluid called hemolymph is
pumped from the heart through
openings in the body and the
hemolymph surrounds the cells
and allows for oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange
Each segment has nephridia
(funnel-containing tubes) that
collect waste from coelom
excrete them by pumping of
gills.
Nephridia excrete nitrogenous
waste
Sexual reproduction: Most are hermaphrodites
Earthworms meet at their clitellum and exchange
sperm with each other
Malpigian Tubules (slender
“blind” projections off of the
digestive tract)
Nitrogenous wastes and feces
are then excreted through the
anus
Sexual reproduction: Separate sexes will mate and the
male will deposit the sperm into the female (internal
reproduction)
Insects undergo complete metamorphosis
Egg- larva- pupa- adult
Or incomplete metamorphosis
Egg- nymph- older nymph- adult
Open circulatory system
Across the skin through
Sexually by external fertilization
Sexual reproduction: Separate sexes that release egg
and sperm into the water where they meet to form
larvae called trochophores
(skin gills) increase
the surface area for
gas diffusion
Gills or lungs
papillae (small fingerlike
extensions)
Asexually by regeneration
Larvae are bilaterally symetrical.
Closed circulatory system
Kidneys
Sexually by either internal or external fertilization
Fish
Gills surrounded by
numerous capillaries
to send oxygen into
the bloodstream
Two chambered heart with single
atrium and single ventricle
Blood goes from heart to gills to
body cells and back to heart again
Mostly external fertilization except some sharks
Amphibians
Can breathe through
mouth into their
lungs, or through
their thin, moist skin
Reptiles
Cannot breathe
through their skin, so
use lungs solely
Lungs
Birds have the most
complex respiratory
system of all
Chordates
Air enters the nostrils
and the mouth and is
sent to numerous air
sacs in a one –way
path.
Lungs with
numerous alveoli
Three chambered heart where
deoxygenated and oxygenated
blood mix
Blood goes from heart to lungs
and back to heart again before
going to the body cells
Three (or four) chambered heart
similar to amphibian function
Ammonia
Freshwater fish excrete more
water and little salt
Saltwater fish excrete more
salt and little water
See mammals
See mammals
Internal fertilization producing very few eggs
Four chambered heart like
mammals
Uric Acid helps birds
conserve water
Internal fertilization producing and incubating very few
eggs
Four chambered heart
Urea
Kidneys and Nephrons
Internal fertilization
Monotremes: egg laying mammals like the duck billed
platypus and the spiny anteater
Marsupials: pouched mammals like the opossum and
kangaroo
Placentals: mammals that have fully developed young
inside of a uterus and nourished by a placenta like
humans, dogs and elephants
Chordata
Birds
Mammals
Major Characteristics
Tissues- Parazoa or Eumetozoa
Symmetry- None, Radial, Bilateral
Body Cavity--Acoelomate, Pseudoceolomate, Coelomate
Blastopore Development—Protostome, Deuterostome
Segementation Segmented
External fertilization where females make many eggs