Download Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia
General characteristics:
 Multicellular
 No cell walls (bodies are held together by proteins such as collagen)
 Often contain nervous and muscle tissue
 Heterotrophic
 Often motile
Major Phyla:
 Porifera
o Contain numerous holes called pores
o Lack tissues that many other animals have
o Filter feeders
o Excretion and respiration are taken care of by each individual cell
o Reproduce by budding (asexual) and can regenerate lost parts
o Radial or no symetry
o Example
 Cnidaria
o 2 shapes:
 cylindrical with tentacles on top (called polyp)
 umbrella shaped structure with tentacles on bottom (called
medusa)
o Tentacles have stinging cells that can only be used once (food and
protection)
o Radially symmetrical
o No brain
o Examples:
 Platyhelminthes
o Have three distinct layers (mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm)
o Have no true body cavity (no coelom)(acoelomate)
o Bilateral symmetry
o Nervous system with small brain
o Can reproduce asexually or sexually (hermaphrodites)
o Three classes:
 Tubellaria (free living flatworms)
 Example:
 Tremotoda (parasitic flukes)
 The fluke is an internal parasite usually living in the host's liver. Examples are
the sheep liver fluke and Chinese liver fluke. Flukes must spend their
intermediate development in special types of snails. Humans become infected
by: Eating infected fish and walking barefooted in infected waters. Flukes
contain 2 suckers on its body, one ventral and the other anterior. They
reproduce hermaphroditically. Their eggs leave the body with the solid waste of
the host.
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Cestoda (parasitic tapeworms)
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Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that usual infest mammals. They are rather
long flat animals sometimes growing to lengths of 40 feet. The animal is
composed of several parts: The head area is called the scolex. It contains a ring
of hooks at its tip and is ringed with lateral suckers. The neck is where the
proglottids or body parts grow from. The animal does not contain a mouth nor
digestive organs, since it lives off of the host's digested food. The animal self
fertilizes and sends it eggs out of the host along with the fecal material.
Humans usually get infected with tapeworm by eating undercooked infected
beef.
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Nematoda
o Round worms
o Bilateral symmetry
o One way digestive system (mouth to anus)
o Separate sexes
o Small circular brain
o Examples:
Mollusca
o Bilateral symmetry
o Soft, unsegmented body
o Body covered with thin layer called mantle which may secrete a shell
o Three body parts:
 Head
 Foot
 Viceral Hump (contains the internal organs)
o Gas exchange through gills
o Often open circulatory system (no blood vessels)
o Classes
 Gastropoda
 Muscular food along ventral side
 Single shell with oldest part on tip
 Pair of eyes and antennae
 Largest class of mollusks
 Examples:
 Pelycepoda (Bivalvia)
 2 shells
 Muscular foot with reduced head
 Filter feeders
 Examples:
 Cephalopoda
 All members are marine organisms
 Very intelligent invertebrates
 Carnivorous
 Tentacles
 Central mouth with sharp beak
 Some have closed circulatory system
 Examples:
Annelida
o Bilateral symmetry
o Segmented worms
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Closed circulatory system
True body cavity
Well developed digestive tract
Hermaphorditic (sexually reproducing)
Breath through moist skin
Classes
 Polychaeta – sand worm
 Oligochaeta – earthworm
 Hiridinea – leeches
Arthropoda
o Jointed appendages
o Exoskeleton usually made of chitin
o Well developed sense organs (compound eye etc.)
o Open circulatory system (blood circulated in chambers called sinuses)
o Variety of respiratory organs (lungs, trachea, gills)
o Classes
 Crustacea
 Aquatic
 Breath through gills
 Modified appendages for grabbing and feeding
 Examples:
 Arachnida
 Simple eyes
 4 pair of walking legs
 Examples:
 Chilopoda
 One pair of walking legs per segment
 Example:
 Diplopoda
 Two pair of walking legs per segment
 Example:
 Insecta
 Three part body plan (head, abdomen, thorax)
 One pair antennae and one pair of compound eyes
 Exist in almost every environment known to man
 Examples:
Echinodermata
o Most are sessile and radially symmetrical as adults
o Larva are bilaterally symmetrical
o Most contain a hard calcium plate with bumps and spines
o Simple nervous system with no brain
o Classes:
 Crinoidea – feather stars
 Asteroidea – starfish
 Echinoidea – sand dollar, sea urchin
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Holothuroidea – sea cucumber
Chordata
o Have a spinal chord
o Subphylum Urochordata – tunicates
o Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelet
o Subphylum Vertebrata
 Have backbone
 Classes
 Agnatha
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Chondrichthyes
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Absence of jaws.
These organisms lack the paired fins (pelvic and pectoral).
Skeleton made of cartilage.
Round eel-like body with a flat caudal fin.
Soft skin and no scales.
They lack a swim bladder and gill covers (operculum).
7 gill slits on each side of the head.
The lamprey are parasitic and the hagfish are scavengers.
Ectothermic ( animals that cannot control their body temperature).
External fertilization. Oviparous ( egg laying)
Marine and fresh water species are found.
Lateral line
Two chambered heart
Gills used for respiration
No external ears
Skeleton made of cartilage.
Body covered with triangular Placoid scales.
Ventral mouth with several rows of triangular teeth.
Large caudal fin with the dorsal section larger than the ventral one.
Paired fins stiff.
No swim bladder.
Ectothermic
Internal fertilization.
Marine organisms only.
Lateral line
Two chambered heart
Gills used for respiration
No external ears
Osteichthyes
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Skeleton made of bone
Lateral line
Two chambered heart
Swim bladder
Ectothermic
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Amphibia
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Paired fins made of rays and spines, or lobed fins lacking the rays
and spines.
Various types of scales.
Marine and fresh water species.
Gills used for respiration
External fertilization.
No external ears
Amphibians have smooth moist skin. The toad is an exception with
rough dry skin.
The majority of amphibians contain four limbs with no claws on
their digits (toes).
They contain a three chambered heart. Two atria and one ventricle.
There is a possibility of the oxygenated and unoxygenated blood
mixing in the ventricle.
They are ectotherms. During extreme environmental conditions
they either hibernate (winter) or aestivate (summer).
They carry on external fertilization (usually). Their offspring
develop through a process called metamorphosis. Tadpoles
(aquatic larvae) resemble fish.
They respire through poorly developed lungs and moist skin.
They contain a well developed muscular system.
The digestive system is adapted to digest whole prey, swallowed
by the organism.
Two kidney's rid the body of nitrogenous waste.
The cloaca is a sac that collects discharge from the large intestine,
urinary bladder, and gonads before it is eliminated from the body.
Their brain is well developed and is attached to a dorsal nerve
cord.
Most amphibians contain three eye lids. Two are normal and one is
transparent.
The amphibian liver carries on several functions: detoxifying
poisons, producing bile, and storing glucose in the form of
glycogen.
These are the first animals to possess a pressure releasing canal
called the Euscachian tube. The tube connects the mouth cavity
with the tympanic membrane.
Reptilia
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They are covered by a thick dry skin covered with scales made of a
protein called Keratin.
Reproduction is sexual with internal fertilization.
Most are oviparous, while some snakes and lizards are
ovoviviparous.
Respiration occurs through well developed lungs, and in some
turtles a moist cloacal surface.
Reptiles are ectotherms.
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Aves
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Most reptiles contain a 3 chambered heart with a partially divided
ventricle. Crocodiles contain a 4 chambered heart.
Birds are flight orientated organisms. Each part of its anatomy is
modified in some way to allow it to keep its body light for flight.
Very active metabolism. They can eat, digest, and eliminate the
waste in a short period of time.
They are endotherms; their body temperature is rather high,
between 102-103 degrees F.
Their bones are hollow and strong.
They contain a four chambered heart.
The female contains one ovary.
They have no teeth and their beak is made of a light protein
keratin.
They contain feathers, also made of keratin. There are three types
of feathers: Down feathers which are used for insulation, Contour
feathers which are colorful and used for recognition, and keeping
the body aerodynamic, and Quill feathers which are used for flight.
These feathers are lost periodically (molting).
They have an extensive air sac system which reduces the weight of
the bird and is used to dissipate the tremendous amount of heat
built up from metabolism.
They lay the amniote egg. Bird egg shells are hardened with
calcium carbonate for added protection.
They have acute vision and external ears.
Well developed muscles. The keel, a part of the sternum, allows
large pectoral muscles to be attached to the skeleton.
Their forelimbs are modifies as wings.
Their hind limbs are modified for various jobs based on the
structure of their claws.
Birds are an excellent indicator of the fitness of the environment.
They help keep the insect population down, use rodents as a food
source, help rid the environment of dead and decaying organic
material, and help pollinate many types of plants.
Mammalia
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They possess hair which is made of keratin.
Endothermic. The majority of the heat energy is used to maintain
their high body temperature.
4 chambered heart.
Mammary glands are used to produce milk to nourish their young.
The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from
the abdominal cavity.
An extended gestation period (uterine development) is common in
most placental mammals.
Marsupials develop partially internally and partially externally
Take care of young for extended periods after birth
Teeth are imbedded in the jaw bone and come in a variety of
forms.
Well developed brain.
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