Download Protein Structure

Protein Structure
Proteins are made out of C, H, O and N
What are the monomers/building blocks for proteins?
• Amino Acids! There
are 20 different types.
They are connected
by Peptide Bonds to
form Proteins
Proteins are also
called Polypeptides
Protein Structure
What functional groups do you see in every protein?
Proteins ALWAYS have an Amine Group (-NH2) on one side
and a Carboxyl Group (-COOH) on the other
Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes!
Ribosomes are also
what cover the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where are proteins made?
The process of making proteins is simply called
‘Protein Synthesis’
Amino Acids
RNA
Protein
Ribosomes use RNA as instructions to know what
order to put the amino acids in to create proteins.
Protein Overall Structure
Proteins are formed by linking a lot of Amino Acids
together.
This chain/sequence of amino acids is called the
Primary (1ᵒ) Structure
Protein Overall Structure
The chain of amino acids will then fold and form
either a spiral or pleated shape
This alpha helix or beta pleated sheet is called the
Secondary (2ᵒ) Structure
Protein Overall Structure
The spiraled or pleated chains now fold and coil even
more.
This complex shape is called the
Tertiary (3ᵒ) Structure
This is when the protein becomes functional
Protein Overall Structure
The complex proteins will now fold and wrap around other
proteins.
Having 2 or more proteins folded together is called the
Quaternary (4ᵒ) Structure
Protein Overall Structure
Primary (1ᵒ): Amino Acids in
a chain/sequence
Secondary (2ᵒ): Alpha helix
or Beta pleated chain
Tertiary (3ᵒ): Complex shape
Quaternary (4ᵒ): 2 or more
proteins folded on each
other
Functions
• Speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes)
• Transport things through the body
(Hemoglobin)
• Transport things through the cell
membrane (Channel Proteins)
• Defend the body against infections
(Antibodies)
• Growth, Maintenance, and Repair
• Some Hormones (such as Insulin)
Denaturing
Proteins can become unfolded
which is called denaturing.
This is bad news and will cause the protein to no
longer function.
Denaturing is caused by
a change in temperature
or pH.
Examples
Proteins can be found in a lot of places!
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Meat
Eggs
Nuts
Beans
Hair/Nails
Muscles
Vegetables
Milk