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Learning Take a few moments… • Do you associate any food/smells with being sick? What happened? • How do you learn “right/wrong” behaviors? • When you were little, did you copy your mom/dad/brother/sister/friends? In what ways? Behaviorism • Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes ▫ Most current behavioral psychologists would argue that mental processes should be studied Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior • Acquired from experience or observation Classical Conditioning Learning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning PAVLOV WATSON Classical Conditioning • Learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US) a stimulus that naturally triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UR) the naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) stimulus that was originally meaningless but comes to trigger a response Conditioned Response (CR) the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus (CS) Ivan Pavlov • Studied how dogs associate salivation with food by ringing a tuning fork/bell with the presentation of food. The dog eventually salivated at the sound of the tuning fork/bell. Another Example… • An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your eye. ▫ Unconditioned stimulus Air puff ▫ Unconditioned response Eye blink to air puff ▫ Conditioned stimulus Tone ▫ Conditioned Response Eye blink to tone Another Example… • The Office… Jim classically conditions Dwight ▫ Unconditioned stimulus Jim offers mint ▫ Unconditioned response Accepts mint ▫ Conditioned stimulus Computer sound ▫ Conditioned Response Expects mint Learning Processes Process Description Example Extinction The disappearance of a CR Pavlov found that when he rang the fork repeatedly without presenting the food, the dogs salivated less and less Spontaneous Recovery the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR Pavlov found that if he waited a few hours before ringing the fork again, the dogs would salivate to the ringing after the pause Generalization The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit a similar response. Pavlov found that dogs would salivate to tones of different pitches that they had not previously associated with food Discrimination The ability to distinguish between stimuli Pavlov’s dogs also learned to respond to certain tones and not to others John B. Watson • Conditioned “Little Albert” to fear white rats, later all white, fluffy animals ▫ Previously not afraid of white rats, Watson presented a loud banging sound when Albert saw a white rat conditioned fear of rats. • US ▫ Loud noise • UR ▫ Crying at noise • CS ▫ Rat • CR ▫ Crying at rat SKINNER Operant Conditioning • Learning in which behaviors are strengthened or diminished by consequence • Controlled rats’, and later pigeons’, behaviors with an operant chamber (Skinner box) ▫ contained a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforce, with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking Shaping • Skinner used shaping –reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. • Reinforcement – anything that STRENGTHENS behaviors • Punishment – anything that DIMINISHES behavior Positive Reinforcement Adding a desired stimulus Punishment Negative Removing an undesired stimulus Adding an Removing a desired undesired stimulus stimulus Positive… Adding/+ Negative… Removing/ Big Bang Theory – Sheldon trains Penny Operant Conditioning Examples • Receiving praise for A+ in Psych/Soc. ▫ Positive reinforcement – addition of something good • Lunch detention for being late to class. ▫ Positive punishment – addition of something bad • No homework in class because everyone’s behavior was on point! ▫ Negative reinforcement – removal of something bad • You get your phone taken away for Snapchatting in class… ▫ Negative punishment – removal of something good Motivation • The type of motivation can affect the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments ▫ Intrinsic motivation – the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. ▫ Extrinsic motivation – the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. ▫ Children who were normally avid readers (intrinsically motivated) were paid for reading and their reading amount decreased positive reinforcement backfired BANDURA Observational Learning • Learning by observing others ▫ Learning does not always happen as a byproduct of experience • Modeling – the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Albert Bandura's Experiment • Experimental group of preschoolers was exposed to an adult beating a blow-up (Bobo) doll for 10 minutes and then left to see if they would do the same ▫ children exposed to aggressive adult models were more likely to be aggressive towards the doll when alone with the toys Applications of Observational Learning • Antisocial (destructive, inconsiderate) models may have antisocial effects ▫ family, TV, movies, friends • Prosocial (positive, constructive, helpful) models can have prosocial effects • Violent viewing correlates with violent play/actions ▫ Violent TV/movies can desensitize children and adults to pain, death, and punishment.