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Lesson: Homework Eat Brushing teeth Smoking Not to hit Giving a friend a gift How did you learn it? Forced by society (social learning) Learn from our parents Parents, observational learning Observational learning We were punished We are rewarded We learn by listening to a teacher, studying and taking tests. We learn through experience We learn through watching others We learn through conditioning (punishment and reward) Did your mouth water at the site of food? If it did, then it will be called classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning: A stimulus is something that produces a reaction or response from a person or animal Ex: you hear a song from the past and old memories come back to you. Conditioning or learning works through the pairing of different stimuli. Classical conditioning is a simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls for the response (ex: mouth water when we see something that looks delicious. Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that dogs, too, learn to associate one thing with another when food is involved. He wanted to know about the nervous system and salivation (mouth-watering) in dogs. The dogs were found to start salivating when a stimulus that represented food was present such as the clinking sound An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic and not learned. This is followed by an unconditioned response (UR). (ex: meat causes salivation). A conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless (ex: the bell in Pavlov’s experiments) Through repeated association with meat, the bell became a learned stimulus/ a conditioned stimulus (CS) for the response of salivation. Cultural Learning: People are conditioned to prefer one stimulus over another because they perceive that stimulus as more satisfying. People in different cultures are conditioned to various preferences of food, color, and beauty. For example, most western people do not consider insects to be edible, but in certain other cultures insects are considered delicious and a treat.
