Download Plant Kingdom Characteristics of Plants • 1. Have many cells • 2

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Plant Kingdom
Characteristics of Plants
• 1. Have many cells
• 2. Have chlorophyll - photosynthesis
• 3. Have cell walls
Characteristics of Plants
• 4. Have a nucleus - eukaryotic
• 5. Most have roots
Origin and Evolution of Plants
First Plants were probably in water, evolving from algae
How do plants conserve water?
1. A cell wall provides support even when the plant has little water
2. A waxy cuticle on its leaves and stem to prevent water loss
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3. Vascular Plants - have vessels to carry water and nutrients throughout the
plant
Vascular tissue = veins
Nonvascular plants - do not have vessels
• are usually very small plants (mosses)
Plant Phylum (Divisions)
– page 246
• Bryophyta – mosses
• Lycophyta – club moss
• Spenophyta - horsetails
• Pterophyta - ferns
• Cycadophyta - cycads
• Gnetophyta – gnetums
• Coniferophyta – trees with cones
• Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
• Angiosperms – flowering plants
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Plants – Chapter 9-11
Seedless Non Vascular Plants
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• 1. Do not have roots, stems, and leaves
a. Have rhizoids - root-like filaments that hold mosses in place
• 2. Size = 2 to 5 centimeters
• 3. Grow on trees, rocks, damp ground, in between bricks and cracks
• 4. Look like soft green carpet
• 5. Reproduce using spores
Importance of Mosses and Liverworts
• first plants to grow in a new environment (after a fire)
• spores are carried by the wind - just need water
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• Rhizoids grow into the rocks
Reproduction
Alternation of Generation
• Sporophyte - produces spores
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• Gametophyte - produces sex cells (sperm and egg)
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Moss Life Cycle p. 279
• 1. Spores are released from the sporophyte and land on the ground
• 2. Spores sprout a thread-like structure
• 3. A gametophyte grows from this thread-like structure
• 4. Sperm and egg cells are produced by the gametophyte
• 5. Sperm and egg combine to form a zygote.
• 6. Zygote grows and divides to become an embryo
• 7. Embryo develops into a sporophyte
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Seedless
Vascular Plants
Vascular tissue
• Long, tube-like cells that carry water, minerals, and nutrients to all cells of the plant
Plants with vascular tissue can grow larger than plants without vascular
tissue.
• More efficient way of getting nutrients to the plant
During the warm, moist Paleozoic Era (500 million years ago) some grew up
to 100 feet tall
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Horsetails - Pioneers used them as scouring pads to scrub pots and pans
Ferns
• )
Ferns
• The coal we use today comes from ferns that died millions of years ago
Reproduction
• All seedless vascular plants reproduce using spores (not seeds)
- similar to the moss reproductive cycle
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Seed Plants
• Characteristics of Seed Plants
General Characteristics
• 1. Have roots, stems, and leaves
• 2. Have vascular tissue
• 3. Reproduce using seeds
• Divided into two groups based on how they produce seeds:
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
• 4. The majority of plants are seed plants
Examples of Seed Plants
Other Examples include:
• corn, beans, apples, oranges, peanuts
Parts of a Plant
• Roots, Stems and Leaves
Roots are as large or larger than the rest of the plant
Purpose of roots
• 1. Absorb water and minerals
• 2. Anchor plant into soil
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• 3. Store food (carrots and beets)
Root System
Root Hairs
Purpose of Stems
• 1. Supports the above ground portion of the plant (tree trunk)
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Purpose of Stems
• 2. Carries nutrients from roots to leaves
• 3. Store food (potatoes and onions = underground stems)
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Purpose of Leaves
• 1. Trap sunlight for Photosynthesis
Leaf Structures
• stomata = pores that release water and oxygen
• guard cells = control the opening and closing of stomata
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Vascular Tissue
• Xylem - carries minerals and water
• Phloem - carries sugar
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Gymnosperm Reproduction
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Angiosperm Reproduction
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Stamen (anther and filament)
Pistil (stigma, style, ovary, ovules)
Petal
Sepal
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Match the Description to the Part
1. Female Reproductive Organ
2. Male Reproductive Organ
3. Carry Pollen
4. Colorful Parts of flower
5. Place where eggs are produced
a. Petals
b. Anther
c. Ovule
d. Stamen
e. Pistil
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There are Two Groups of Angiosperms
• Scientists put Angiosperms into groups based on their vascular tissue, leaves,
number of flower parts and seeds.
1. Monocots
• parallel veins
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scattered vascular tissue
flower parts occur in 3’s
1 seed leaf
Corn, rice, wheat oats
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2. Dicots
• net like veins
• vascular tissue in rings
• flower parts in 4’s or 5’s
• 2 seed leaves
• Beans, Orange, Watermelon
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Most Shade trees like Maple, Oak and Elm are Dicots
Monocot or Dicot??
Monocot or Dicot??
Evolution – Origin
• Scientists study the DNA in plants to see how these plants may have evolved or
changed over time
DNA evidence suggests:
• Gymnosperms - came from Ferns (350 MYA)
• Angiosperms - did not exist until about 120 (MYA).
• Most common plants today
Germination
Embryo + Endosperm = Seed
Germination Time
• Peas 8-12 days
• Green Beans 6-8 days
• Radishes 4-7 days
• Sweet Corn 7-10 days
• Green Onions ??
Overproduction Lab
What are some foods that contain seeds?
Tomatoes, peas, peaches, plums, grapes, apples, pears, strawberries,
pineapples, green peppers, cucumbers
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• a seed = a fertilized ovule
– ovules are found in an ovary
• A mature ovary is called a fruit
All of the foods mentioned before were fruits because they contain seeds.
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So Many Seeds!!
• 1 pepper has 300 seeds
• Season 1
– 300 plants
• Season 2
– 300 plants x 6 peppers per plant x 300 seeds = 540,000 plants
• Season 3
– 540000 x 6 x 300 = 972,000,000 plants
• Season 4
• 972,000,000 x 6 x 300 = 1,749,600,000,000 plants
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• Why so many seeds?
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Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange
Plants need 3 nutrients to survive
• Water
• Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygen
How do they get water?
• Roots
How do they get Carbon Dioxide?
• Through their stomata
Plants need to get rid of wastes to survive
• Water and Oxygen
Transpiration
• the loss of water through stomata
• evaporation of water from a leaf
Photosynthesis
• process in which plants use energy from the sun to produce food (sugar)
What do plants need to make food?
• Light + CO2 + H2O = sugar + O2
Label Leaf Structures
Light is trapped by chlorophyll and used to break apart water to combine
with CO2 to form sugar.
90% of the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from Photosynthesis.
Respiration
Respiration in Plants
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Stimulus
• anything that causes a change in the behavior of an organism
Tropism
• the response of a plant to a stimulus
Phototropism
• a response in plants where they grow toward or away from light
Topsy Turvy
Gravitropism
• a response in plants where they grow toward or away from gravity or the ground
Auxin
• a plant hormone that effects its growth
• allows plants to bend toward light
Ethylene Gas
• a plant hormone that causes fruits to ripen
Photoperiodism
• a response of plants to the length of light and dark in a day
Long-day
• plants that require long days in order to bloom
Short-day
• plants that require short days in order to bloom
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Day-neutral
• plants that aren’t sensitive to the length of day light
When Would they Bloom?
• Long-day =
• Short-day =
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A decrease in the amount of sunlight makes plants stop producing
chlorophyll and gradually lose their color.
In the spring when sunlight increases, chlorophyll is produced again and
leaves grow and turn green.
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