* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 3. Related Pathways
Biochemical cascade wikipedia , lookup
Peptide synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Glyceroneogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Lactate dehydrogenase wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Related Pathways Organisms are able to metabolize nutrients other than carbohydrates during times of starvation Once broken down, these monomers are able to feed into various parts of glycolysis or the Krebs cycle (Fig.1, p.117) Protein Catabolism Through a process called deamination, proteins remove amino groups from the amino acids converting the group to ammonia, NH3 (urea is expelled from the body in urine) Lipid Catabolism Glycerol can be converted to glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis Fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation where 2-C acetyl groups are removed Fats can produce 20% more ATP than carbohydrates Anaerobic Pathways (does not require oxygen) Mainly used by bacteria and protistans that live in oxygen-free settings, although lactate fermentation can occur in multicellular organisms 1. Ethanol Fermentation (through glycolysis) 2 ADP 2 ATP (Fig.2, p.119) Glucose (6-C) 2 NAD+ 2 NADH (x2) Pyruvate (3-C) CO2 (x2) acetaldehyde (2-C) 2 NADH 2 NAD+ (x2) ethanol (2-C) Ex/when yeast consumes sugar and releases CO2, it causes bread to rise) 2. Lactate Fermentation (through glycolysis) 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose (6-C) 2 NAD+ 2 NADH (x2) Pyruvate (3-C) 2 NADH 2 NAD+ (x2) Lactate (3-C) Ex 1/ Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells Ex 2/ Producing yogurt from milk (Fig.4, p.120)