Download biologically important molecules

BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT
MOLECULES
( use with printout from zerobio website)
Note: images from internet and used for educational purposes only
CARBOHYDRATES: MONOSACCHARIDES
H
GLUCOSE
Main energy
source for the body
GALACTOSE
FRUCTOSE
These can also be used for energy
CARBOHYDRATES: DISACCHARIDES
MALTOSE
ether
linkage
ether
linkage
SUCROSE
ether
linkage
LACTOSE
CARBOHYDRATES: CONDENSATION – DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS RXN TO PRODUCE SUCROSE
+ H 2O
GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
SUCROSE
A CONDENSATION reaction occurs between the hydroxyl groups and water is
removed. A covalent bond (ether linkage) forms between the molecules.
The reverse reaction is a HYDROLYSIS which breaks sucrose into the
monomers of glucose and fructose.
CARBOHYDRATES: POLYSACCHARIDES
INSULIN hormone causes glucose to enter LIVER and MUSCLE where it is condensed
into GLYCOGEN for storage. GLUCAGON hormone causes GLYCOGEN to be
hydrolyzed back into individual glucose monomers and released into the
bloodstream where it is transported to cells and used for energy.
CARBOHYDRATES: POLYSACCHARIDES
STARCH
Chain of glucose
subunits. Storage form of
glucose in plants.
CELLULOSE
Chain of alternating
glucose subunits, up and
down. Part of cell wall in
plants.
Because CELLULOSE has alternating glucose orientation,
we do not have an enzyme that can break it down. So
we cannot eat grass for energy like cows (ruminants) who
have the enzyme CELLULASE due to microorganisms in
their guts that create it.
POLYSACCHARIDES
Modified
amide group
CHITIN
Chain of alternating glucose subunits, up and down, found in
exoskeleton of insects and mushrooms where it provides
rigidity.
LIPIDS/FATS
ester
linkage
Saturated: all single C-H bonds
Unsaturated: some double C-H bonds
glycerol
FATTY ACIDS
3 fatty acids
FAT (TRIGLYCERIDE)
LIPIDS/FATS
SATURATED FAT (SOLID)
Straight fatty acids allow
molecules to tightly pack
together.
UNSATURATED FAT (LIQUID)
Bent molecules cannot pack
together as tightly.
LIPIDS: CONDENSATION - DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS RXN TO CREATE TRIGLYCERIDE
LIPASE enzyme performs the reverse reaction (hydrolysis)
LIPIDS/FATS
Monoglyceride (glyerol + one fatty acid)
glycerol
1 fatty acid
MONOGLYCERIDE
Glycerol + one fatty acid
LIPIDS/FATS
Cell Membrane
attracts water
repels water
PHOSPHOLIPID
Major component of the cell membrane to create the lipid bilayer.
LIPIDS/FATS
charged
uncharged
PHOSPHOLIPID
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline
LIPIDS/FATS
CHOLESTEROL
ESTROGEN
Female steroid hormone
made from cholesterol.
4 fused rings
TESTOSTERONE
Male steroid hormone made from
cholesterol.
PROTEINS
AMINO ACID
The monomer of proteins. The various types of amino acids
all have the same structure except for the R-group side chain.
amino
carboxyl
PROTEINS
side chain
R-group
AMINO ACIDS
The functional groups are charged in this image. R-group (side chain) is in
red. Amino acids all have a 3-letter abbreviated name.
amino
carboxyl
PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
The functional groups are uncharged in this image.
PROTEINS: CONDENSATION – DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS RXN TO PRODUCE DIPEPTIDE
amino
carboxyl
DIPEPTIDE
Peptide bond between amino and carboxyl. The reverse reaction is
HYDROLYSIS and is performed by PROTEASE enzyme such as PEPSIN or
TRYPSIN.
PROTEINS: CONDENSATION – DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS RXN TO PRODUCE POLYPEPTIDE
Can you spot the errors?
POLYPEPTIDE
Many amino acids condensed together.
Pg. 44
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
Order of amino acids in a
polypeptide.
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
Coils and folds in
polypeptide due to
hydrogen bonds (ie. alpha
helix + beta-pleated
sheet).
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
Complex 3D folding
pattern due to side chain
interactions.
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
Interaction of more than 1
polypeptide chain forming
a functional protein.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
FOUR LEVELS
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Disulfide
bridge
INSULIN
Pancreatic protein hormone that regulates blood sugar.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
MYOGLOBIN
Carries oxygen in muscle
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
HEMOGLOBIN
Carries oxygen in blood
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
ASSIGNMENT
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Make your own notes as described in “Biologically
Important Molecules” printout.