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Name ________________________ Block_______ Date __________ Key Unit 9 Study Guide 1. Circle the correct responses. Interaction Helps Organism 1? Helps Organism 2? Mutualism YES/NO/NO EFFECT YES/NO/NO EFFECT Commensalism YES/NO/NO EFFECT YES/NO/NO EFFECT Parasitism YES/NO/NO EFFECT YES/NO/NO EFFECT 2. Match the term to its definition: Predation A. A relationship between organisms of different D species in which both benefit Competition B. A relationship between organisms of different F species in which one benefits, and the other is unaffected Cooperation C. A relationship between organisms of different E species in which one benefits, and the other is harmed Mututalism D. one animal eats another A C B Parasitism Commensalism E. Two different organisms or populations help each other. F. animals struggle for a limited resource (can be within a species or between species) 3. Match the terms to its corresponding example. Predation A. In certain fields, horses and cows compete for F grass. Competition B. Plants give honeybees nectar, honeybees A pollinate plants Cooperation C. A tapeworm feeds on the food of a human, and D causes them to lose nutrients Mututalism D. Zebra stand together in a herd to make it B difficult for a lion to pick one out. Parasitism E. Barnacles get transportation and living space C from a whale, but give nothing back to the whale Commensalism F. lions and zebras E 4. The niche of an organism is the place in which it lives, and the role that it plays in its environment. Explain the niche of a honeybee in its environment AND what would happen if all the bees died: The honeybee collects nectar from flowers to take back to the hive for food. It pollinates flowers because pollen is collected on its legs and deposited onto a different plant. In this way, bees help plants reproduce. Honey bees have many predators including birds and small mammals. Bears are known to destroy hives in order to eat the honey. If all the bees died, plants would have difficulty reproducing and would decrease in number, there would be no natural honey. Organisms that rely on bees for food would decrease in number or have to find new prey. 5. Define Invasive Species, give an example, explain why they are harmful, & what can be done. An invasive species is an organism that is not native to an ecosystem. Examples of invasive species include the Chinese mitten crab, rusty crayfish and zebra mussels. These invasive species cause harm to the ecosystem because it has no natural predators. Its population grows out of control and it outcompetes native species. This causes an imbalance in the ecosystem. To help eliminate invasive species, citizens can report invasive species to the proper authorities and avoid bringing invasive species into new ecosystems. This includes not purchasing illegal organisms and bringing them home. 6. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? A food chain is a linear relationship between a producer in a community and all consumers. A food web is a combination of all related food chains in an ecosystem. 7. What is a producer? A producer performs photosynthesis to get energy. 8. What is a consumer? A consumer must eat other organisms to obtain energy. 9. What is a decomposer? A decomposer breaks down dead organic matter to get energy. 10. Define: Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer, and Quaternary Consumer. Primary consumers eat plants, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers, and quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers. Some organisms may be in two or more trophic levels. 11. Look at the energy pyramid in your Notes packet (page 93). Why is there so much energy loss from one energy level to the one above it? What happens to the energy that does not transfer to the next level? Each trophic level only gets a small amount of energy and must use most of it for life processes. The energy is used for performing photosynthesis and cellular respiration, movement, cellular processes, etc. Each organism only has a little energy left to pass on to the next trophic level. 12. Think about the ecosystem lab we did in class (with the beans). Why could an ecosystem of 2000 plants only support 200 grasshoppers? Any more grasshoppers would mean that there wouldn’t be enough grass for every grasshopper to survive. 13. Why could that same ecosystem only support 1 or 2 hawks? Any more hawks would mean that the hawks would not have enough prey to survive. 14. Use the following organisms to show the correct trophic levels from sun to the final consumer. (heron (large bird), Bermuda grass, slug, frog, sun, snake) Sun, Bermuda grass, slug, frog, snake, heron 15. Inside the energy pyramid, write the correct trophic level in each section. Be sure to begin with producers. On the left, write the percentage of energy passed from one level to another. Remember that the sun has 100% of the energy and about 90% is lost at each transition. On the right side of the pyramid, write the number of kilocalories (kCal) at each level. Note that about 90% is lost during each transition. 0.01 100% 0.1 1% 10 Tertiary 10 Consumer Carnivore Secondar y Primary Consumer b Producer 100 kCal 1000kC 16. Use your notes (pages 97-98) to label the blanks in the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle. Carbon dioxide in the air Photosynthesis Combustion Respiration Death and decomposition Fossil Fuels Nitrogen in the air Lightning Animals get nitrogen by consuming plants Decomposers break down dead organisms and put nitrogen back into the soil and air Animals and humans use poop/fertilizer to put nitrogen back into the soil 17. What is eutrophication? Sudden increase of nutrients in the ecosystem 18. What are the long-term effects of eutrophication? Algal blooms, dead zone and ecosystem collapse 19. Snakes and Skinks both eat the same prey. Based on the information in the table, the two species are competing the most for which type of prey? a. Flies b. Bees c. Wasps d. Lizards Prey Bees Flies Lizards Wasps Population Increased No Change Decreased Increased Use the graph to answer the questions. 20. During what years did the population experience exponential growth? 1825-1850 21. The population reached its overshoot (highest point) in 1850. What was the population at that time? approximately 1.8 million 22. What is the carrying capacity for this population? approximately 1.6 million Use the graph to answer the questions. 23. During years 10-15, the rabbit population was extremely low. Which statement can be assumed about the fox population in years 10-15? a. The foxes were not hunting any rabbits. b. The fox population fell to a record low. c. The fox population lost all shelter. d. The fox population had to look for alternate prey. 24. Using the graph, an increase in predators most likely results in – a. An attack on predators. b. No change in the prey population. c. A decrease in the prey population. d. An increase in the prey population.