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Bell Ringer -Vast forests -flowing, rivers Namenavigable 2 Geographic -access to important features that are waterways beneficial for Europe King Lordsare (lesser What the 4lords) main Knights tiers of the Feudal Serfs/peasants system? Self-Sufficient: can take care ofThe one’s own needs Medieval manor was self sufficient, The manor provided all the explain how. basic needs; food, water and shelter The Roman Catholic Church, led by the Pope What is the most powerful force in Medieval Europe? Bell Ringer Code of honor for Knights What is Chivalry 10 five Allcommandments religions have and a code pillars of moral behavior. What are the codes called for Christians and Muslims? The Pope Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic faith? The Roman Catholic Church, led by the Pope What is the most powerful force in Medieval Europe? Bell Ringer Arab Muslims and European The Battle of Tours was Christians between what two groups? Who won? The Christians Both are Monotheistic religions (they believe in Inonly what way are one god) Christianity and Islam Similar? -forests -rivers Name two geographic -minerals (iron, coal, resources of Europe metals) Access to important water ways The Feudal system exchanged land for Loyalty Feudal system andThe Service exchanged land for _________ and __________ Bell Ringer Worldly, not having to do with religion What does Secular mean? An economy where you exchange goods and services for other goods and What is a barter services economy? -the sacraments, or rituals, What the to whichservices safeguarddoes passage Church provide to heaven Medieval Europe? The peasants, or serfs, needed protection Why did the Feudal system take hold in Medieval Europe? Sketch the Feudal System Medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire Roman Origins As the power of Rome faded Europe emerged. However, after Rome the culture of Europe declined: -no trade -no education -weak governments= wars European Geography Europe has many natural resources including: -Dense forests -flowing rivers -Minerals (iron, Coal, metal ore) -access to major waterways What could you do with these resources? Geography: The study of people, places and their resources A grudge match 500 years in the making The future of Europe hangs in the balance. All will be decided at the Battle of Tours Battle of Tours 732 AD Before: -The Muslims from the Middle East were spreading their influence across North Africa and into Europe. The predominately Christian Europeans were scared of these foreign beliefs. During: Europeans banded together under Charles Martel to stop the advance of the Muslim forces in present day Spain After: Europe remains Christian and develops according to the dominion of the Roman Catholic Church. VS Review Christianity Both Islam Who was Charlemagne? Frankish King who united much of Europe through military conquest. Charlemagne was a Christian and spread Christianity throughout his empire. When the Pope asked him for help in suppressing a rebellion, Charlemagne marched his army to Rome. In gratitude the Pope will crown Charlemagne Emperor. Charlemagne’s accomplishments Education- Wanted to preserve records of the nation but there were few who could read or write. He founds a school based on Greek curriculum Religion- Spread Christianity through missionaries in conquered areas Government- Worked closely with the Church and took advantage of being named Emperor. Feudal System Feudal systems developed for protection from the constant warring of Medieval Europe Feudal Roles King- Granted large fiefs (estates) to Lords Lords- Exchanged parcels of land to lesser lords in return for service and loyalty Knights- horseback cavalry who fought battles for their lords Serfs- Performed the tasks to maintain the land. Farmed, repair roads, bridges and infrastructure. The Manor Self-sufficient- meeting their own needs without outside assistance The Manor Fallow fields are left unplanted so that the soil can rejuvenate, or gain back nutrients. The people are able to take care of their own needs, such as food, clothing and shelter, all on their manor. Roman Catholic Church The most powerful force in Medieval Europe was the Roman Catholic Church. The Church dominated everyday life, played a role in politics, and influenced kings During the Middle Ages people believed that they must suffer during life to be rewarded in the After life. To reach the afterlife they must receive the Sacraments (rituals). Church Control According to the Medieval Church, people must partake in the sacraments to reach salvation. If they do not, they will not be saved in the after life. To maintain control the Church would threaten excommunication, or denying sacraments. When a lord or king was excommunicated, his serfs and vassals could not received sacrament either. Agricultural Revolution Over time the medieval Europeans developed new agricultural techniques and technology which helped produce more food: 1) Iron Plow – allowed them to plow thick, heavy clay like soil 2) Fallow fields- left unplanted to rejuvenate 3) Horse harness- using horses instead of Oxen cleared more land Commercial Revolution Causes - Capital- money to invest -Trade increases -Banks develop -insurance for business Effects -economy changes from barter to money -Guilds develop -Middle Class of artisans The commercial revolution led to more trade with far away places Types of Economies There are 3 main types of economies: 1) Barter: Exchange of goods and services for other goods and services 2) Money: A standard money is exchanged for goods and services 3) Command: The government decides on production and assigns goods and services Royal Pains Over time, the kings began pushing for more and more power. The Nobles, or Lords, were tired of the king’s dirty politics and oppressive ways. These nobles eventually forced the king, John of England, to sign the Magna Carta. This document would limit the power of the king in two ways: 1) Nobles have rights 2) Even the Monarch must obey the law Royalty vs. Clergy Royalty had tried to maintain the use of Lay Investure, which means they could appoint the highest members of the Clergy. The Church said lay people (normal people) should not have such power. If the royals can choose the priests, they can influence the power of the church, the most powerful entity in all of Medieval Europe Clergy- priests and religious officials. Crusades Muslim warriors were invading the eastern Christian Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Emperor turned to the Pope for help, and the Pope called for a Holy War against the Muslim invaders. Thousands of European Christians took up arms to fight the Muslims and take control of Jerusalem. Short term cause: Muslims invade Byzantine Long term causes: Hatred of the Muslims and power struggles in the middle East Effects of the Crusades The Crusades, did not achieve their original goal, they nevertheless, had long reaching effects. As a result of the Crusades, trade increased, which also increased cultural diffusion between the Islamic world and Europe. This led to the Commercial Revolution Short term effect: Arabs hold onto the holy Land Long term effects: Trade increased between the Middle East and Europe= cultural diffusion Medieval Churches To please God Medieval clergy and kings built large stone churches. These large churches were done in the Gothic Style . The stone is very heavy and required supports known as flying buttresses. The Black Death As trade increased, there was the spread of disease. The worst was the Bubonic Plague, known as the Black Death. Causes Effects -Trade -lack of hygiene -famine and lack of nutrition -1/3 of the population dies -loss of faith in Church -Serfdom declines Eastern Rome Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire grew out of the Eastern Roman Empire. While the rest of Rome failed, the East succeeded due to trade and cultural achievements. The Capital of the Byzantine empire was Constantinople, a major trading city. The greatest Byzantine emperor was Justinian Justinian Justinian spread the Christian religion and was bent on expanding the Byzantine Empire. His greatest accomplishments: Hagia Sophia- large church using roman domes and architecture techniques Justinian’s Law Code- Collection of all Roman laws, meant to organize and preserve the Roman Law code Roman Catholic vs. Greek Orthodox Both are Christian, with the same basic beliefs: Roman Catholic - Priests can not marry - Main celebration is Christmas - Speak Latin - Pope has the authority Both - Jesus - 10 commandments - Monotheistic Greek Orthodox - Priests can marry - Main celebration is Easter - Speak Greek - Emperor has the authority Byzantine culture spreads to Russia The Byzantine empire spread many things to Russia including: - Greek Orthodox Christianity** Hellenistic (Greco-Roman) culture The Cyrillic Alphabet** Domed architecture Byzantine Empire Collapse The crusades weakened the Empire, as knights looted and seized control Trade slowly was controlled by Venice merchants (Italy) and the Ottoman Turks invaded the capital. The Ottomans were Muslim and renamed Constantinople Istanbul. Still a major trade center. The center of European trade will shift to Venice, making it a rich and powerful trading port. Vocabulary Vassal Fief Serf Monarch Fallow Secular Guilds Apprentice Vernacular Autocrat Chivalry Excommunication Sacrament Capital Theology Schism