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OVERVIEW OF THE SIX KINGDOMS I. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ORGANISMS: EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES “truly nucleated” “pre-nucleated” (before nucleus) Nucleus present No Nucleus Organelles present No organelles Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists Bacteria II. DOMAINS Organisms can be classified into 3 domains: Eukarya Bacteria Eukaryotes that have a nucleus & organelles Includes plants, animals, fungi, & protists Prokaryotes that have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan Includes your “every-day”bacteria that live everywhere. Archaea Prokaryotes that have a cell wall made of polysaccharides Includes primitive bacteria that live in extreme environments III. PREVIOUS SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Before the 1990’s, scientists used a 5 kingdom classification system. The MONERA kingdom included both archaebacteria and eubacteria. Archae = “ancient” EU = “true” A. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUBACTERIA & ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA Habitat everywhere EXTREME environments Yes; lacks peptidoglycan Cell walls Yes; made of peptidoglycan Genes lack introns (nonsense code) Genes have introns (nonsense code) DNA Plasma membrane Contains unique lipids (fats) B. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EUBACTERIA & ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA CELL TYPE Prokaryotic Prokaryotic CELLULAR ORGANIZATION Unicellular Unicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Autotrophic (chemoautotrophic) or Heterotrophic REPRODUCTION Asexual (Binary Fission) Asexual C. EXAMPLES OF PATHOGENIC EUBACTERIA (pathogenic = disease causing) Streptococcus pyogenes – “flesheating” bacteria Helicobacter pylori – can cause stomach ulcers D. NONPATHOGENIC/BENEFICIAL EUBACTERIA Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live on the roots of plants – they take the nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and put it in the soil, in a usable form for plants to use. Plants & animals can not live without nitrogen to make proteins. E. EXAMPLES OF ARCHAEBACTERIA Methanogens Die in the presence of oxygen. Live in the guts of livestock, in sewage treatment plants, hot springs, and stagnant water. “gen” refers to genesis or “creation”. Their name means “methane creating”. OTHER EXAMPLES OF ARCHAEBACTERIA: Thermoacidophiles “phile” = loving Love heat & acid Live in sulfur springs Extreme Halophiles Halo = salt Love salt Live in Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea IV. KINGDOM PROTISTA Eukaryotic Mostly unicellular, Some multicellular Autotrophic, heterotrophic, or both Reproduce asexually or sexually, or both. 3 main types: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungi-like protists. Habitat – aqueous solution (watery or damp habitat) A. FUNGI-LIKE PROTISTS Slime-molds & water molds Can be both like an animal and a plant – when conditions turn unfavorable, will turn into a sluglike entity and will move to a more favorable spot, where it will turn back into a plant-like organism. B. PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS Includes Algae and seaweed These are not classified as plants because they lack true roots, stems, and leaves. C. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS Many are parasitic Live in the blood & tissues of hosts Examples: parasites that cause malaria & african sleeping sickness V. KINGDOM FUNGI Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular, some unicellular Cell walls made of chitin EXTERNAL heterotrophs – digest their food outside of their bodies. Reproduce sexually & asexually Habitat – moist terrestrial (land) areas EXAMPLES OF FUNGI: MUSHROOMS LICHEN MOLD VI. KINGDOM PLANTAE Eukaryotic All multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Mostly autotrophic & terrestrial Highly specialized structures for reproduction & survival on land Reproduce sexually; some capable of asexual reproduction EXAMPLES OF PLANTS Mosses, ferns, trees, flowering plants VII. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Eukaryotic Multicellular; no cell walls Most reproduce sexually INTERIOR heterotrophs Specialized tissues for impulses & movements Inhabit nearly all environments in the biosphere EXAMPLES OF ANIMALS Sponges, jellyfish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds
