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Biology Standard 2
Name ___________________________________
Biology Standard 2  This information will be found in chapter 6, 7, & 9
1. List the 3 major principles of the cell theory.
2. Compare/contrast unicellular and multicellular organisms.
3. Eukaryotic cells are composed of many _____________________________________ which are cell
structures that perform specialized functions.
4. Fill out the table with the following organelles and their functions:
Name
Function
A
Contains chromosomes (DNA); control center
B
Site of cellular respiration  energy
C
Contain chlorophyll  site of photosynthesis;
only in plant cells
Contain enzymes for digesting materials (waste)
D
E
F
G
H
Stores materials; smaller in animals & larger in
plants
Site of protein synthesis; located on rough ER
or in the cytoplasm
Transportation of materials; ribosomes attached
J
Transportation of materials; no ribosomes
attached
Modifies, collects, packages, & distributes
molecules in and out of cell
Short hair-like projections for movement
K
Long whip-like projections for movement
L
Encloses the cell for protection & regulates
movement of materials in and out of the cell;
also called the plasma membrane
Membrane that surrounds & protects the
nucleus; regulates movement of materials in and
out of the nucleus; also called the nuclear
envelope
Surrounds the cell membrane for protection &
support; regulates movement of materials in &
out of plant cells, bacteria, fungi, some protists
Semi-fluid material inside of cell
I
M
N
O
Biology Standard 2
5. Use the letters above to identify the following cell organelles:
Cell Type __________________________
Cell Type _________________________
6. (T/F) The major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus.
a. (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic) cells do not a true nucleus and the DNA is not completely separated
from the rest of the cell.
b. (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic) cells contain a nucleus and the DNA is organized into chromosomes.
c. (T/F) Prokaryotic cells contain more organelles than eukaryotic cells.
d. (T/F) Prokaryotic cells obtain energy from the sun or chemicals because they do not contain
mitochondria.
e. (T/F) Prokaryotic cells do contain ribosomes for protein synthesis.
f. (T/F) Prokaryotes are mostly unicellular organisms.
7. What is homeostasis and how do cells maintain homeostasis?
8. Why is it essential that the cell membrane be semipermeable (or selectively permeable)?
9. Compare/contrast passive transport and active transport.
10. The concentration gradient flows from areas of (high or low) concentration to areas of (high or low)
concentration.
Biology Standard 2
11. Explain the following 3 types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.
a. If water concentration is greater outside the cell than inside the cell, water will move (into or out
of) the cell causing it to swell (or maybe burst).
b. If water concentration is greater inside the cell than outside the cell, water will move (into or out
of) the cell causing it to shrivel or shrink.
c. (T/F) If water concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell there will be no net
movement of water and the shape will remain normal.
12. (T/F) Active transport uses transport proteins to help aid in moving molecules across the cell membrane.
a. If particles are too large to pass through the membrane, vesicles are required. Compare and
contrast endocytosis and exocytosis.
13. _________________________________________________ is repeated pattern of growth and division
that occurs in eukaryotic cells. Consists of 3 phases of growth and division.
a. The first phase is interphase. Explain what happens during interphase and draw a picture.
i. (T/F) Cells spend the majority of their cycle in interphase.
ii. What happens during G1 (Gap 1)?
iii. What happens during S (Synthesis)?
iv. What happens during G2 (Gap 2)?
b. The second phase is mitosis. Explain what happens during mitosis.
i. What happens during Prophase? Draw a cell.
Biology Standard 2
ii. What happens during Metaphase? Draw a cell.
iii. What happens during Anaphase? Draw a cell.
iv. What happens during Telophase? Draw a cell.
c. The third phase is cytokinesis. Explain what happens during cytokinesis.
i. Explain how this happens in animal cells and draw a picture.
ii. Explain how this happens in plant cells and draw a picture.
14. Draw a picture of a chromosome composed of two sister chromatids and label all of its parts including
the centromere.
15. (T/F) The cell cycle is driven by a chemical control system that both triggers and coordinates key events
in the cell cycle.
Biology Standard 2
a. Signals from inside the cell (internal signals) and from outside the cell (external signals) are
involved in turning the process of cell division off and on. Compare/contrast internal signals and
external signals.
b. (T/F) Cells do not respond to physical signals from their environment such as being too close to
other cells.
c. What is a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
16. (T/F) Cells always respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms and divide at a normal rate.
a. What are cancer cells and how do they form?
b. Compare/contrast malignant tumor and benign tumor.
c. (T/F) Cancer may also separate from the original tumor and spread throughout the body to form
new tumors.
17. What are biochemical reactions and why are they essential for living organisms?
a. The amount of energy that is sufficient for a particular chemical reaction to occur is called
______________________________________________.
b. List different types of energy. Circle the type of energy that is most often required to start a
chemical reaction.
c. (T/F) Not only is energy required and absorbed during chemical reactions but it can also be given
off and released as well.
d. (T/F) Changes in temperature can affect a chemical reaction.
e. What is pH?
Biology Standard 2
f. What are buffers and why are they essential for living organisms?
g. (T/F) A small change in pH can disrupt cell processes.
h. A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction or allows a chemical reaction or occur at
a lower than normal temperature is called a _______________________________.
i.
j.
A catalyst (lowers or raises) the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
(T/F) Catalysts are consumed or altered during a chemical reaction; therefore, it cannot be used
over and over again.
k. ______________________________ are proteins which serve as catalysts in living organisms.
l. Enzymes are very specific. Each enzyme can catalyze how many chemical reactions?
m. Why are enzymes essential for living organisms?
n. List 3 factors that affect the structure and activity of enzymes.
18. What are stem cells and list 2 types of stem cells?
19. (T/F) Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells under the right conditions.
20. (T/F) As cell division proceeds, cells increase in number and undergo differentiation to become
specialized in both structure and function.
21. Sequence the following: organs, tissues, cells, organ systems.