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EVOLUTION EVOLUTION The process of change through time. Evidences of Evolution Fossils-the remains of a once living organism Types of fossilization: Petrification Imprint Tar/Ice/Amber FOSSILS Fossils always form in sedimentary rock with the older organisms in the deeper layers. FOSSIL LAYERS PETRIFIED FOSSIL PETRIFIED WOOD TAR AMBER IMPRINT COMPARATIVE STUDIES Evidence for evolution is also found by comparing: Embryology Biochemistry Cytology Anatomy COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY Animals go through similar stages of embryological development. This may show that they are related and may share common ancestry COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY Organisms have similar chemicals, which may show common ancestry. Ex. Hormones are similar in many species. Everything contains DNA. Similar protein structure and construction. Use ATP …. COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY The study of cells is CYTOLOGY. All living things are made of cells, therefore, they may share a common ancestor. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Comparing the structures of different animals to find similarities. Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Structures having a similar origin, but are adapted for different purposes. Ex. Human arm and whale flipper Same structure-Different function HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES Structures are different but have the same basic function. Ex. Bee wing and Bird wing Different structure-Same function VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES Structures that presently have no known function, but may once have been needed. Ex. Tonsils, appendix, whale, snake THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800’s) Theory of use and disuse He said that characteristics which are acquired are inherited. Ex. Giraffes & Human Muscles THEORIES OF EVOLUTION August Weismann (late 1800’s) Disproved Lamarck’s theory He said that acquired characteristics are NOT inherited. Studied mice THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Hugo de Vries (late 1800’s) One of the first geneticists Developed mutation theory Said mutations are a result of genes segregating, then recombining THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Charles Darwin of Evolution” Observed variation in species on the Galapagos Islands “Father Famous for his study of finches, among others. DARWIN’S THEORIES Natural Selection Organisms with favorable adaptations tend to survive and reproduce. The 4 principles of Natural Selection: 1. Overproduction-populations overproduce 2. Competition-struggle for existence 3. Variation-leads to new generations that are better adapted to environment 4. Survival of the Fittest - the ones best adapted, survive. VARIATION A bell curve shows variation within a population. VARIATION OF HEIGHT GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION Species that are separated from one another by natural barriers (mountains, ocean, desert) can cause new species to develop. Ex. Emu, Ostrich, Rhea GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION SPECIATION Speciation Over time, new species will develop due to their isolation. Ex. Emu and Ostrich cannot interbreed ADAPTATIONS An adaptation is a characteristic of an organism that helps it to function in it’s environment. ADAPTIVE RADIATION The process by which a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways. Causes diversity amongst the group of organisms. ADAPTIVE RADIATION GRADUALISM Slow steady change over time (gradually) PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM Stable population makes a sudden and rapid change into something new. Punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualism ORIGIN OF LIFE In the beginning… ______________, which happened about _____________ years ago. Then… Molten earth cooled, forming a ___________. Then… Volcanoes erupted, spewing gases, forming the ____________. ORIGIN OF LIFE The first gases in the primitive environment were: NH - Methane CO -Carbon Dioxide 2 NH -Ammonia 3 H S-Hydrogen Sulfide 2 4 These gases combined to form primordial soup ORIGIN OF LIFE Early Earth was being bombarded by lightning and comets. Lightning caused molecules in the primordial soup to reassemble into CHON. Therefore, an organic molecule is born! ORIGIN OF LIFE Simple organic molecules began to combine to form more complex molecules. Ex. Simple proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. This occurred around 3 billion years ago. ORIGIN OF LIFE Simple archaebacteria are formed about 2.5 billion years ago. Archaebacteria evolved and adapted to the environment, forming simple monera, which then evolved into____________, which then evolved into____________. Miller and Urey Experiment In the 1950’s, the scientists conducted an experiment to re create the formation of life. Experiment