Download Reproductive cloning

Announcements
● Tutoring
Center
SCI I, 407
M 12-3, 5:30-6:30; W 8-9, 5:30-6:30,
Th 8-12, 6-7; F 8-9
● MasteringBiology Assignment due Tuesday 5/24
●Today’s Lecture: parts of Chapters 11-12
Biotechnology
Biotechnology:
Is the manipulation of organisms or their components to
make useful products
Biotechnology today means the use of DNA technology,
methods for:
•Studying and manipulating genetic material
•Modifying specific genes
•Moving genes between organisms
Biotechnology
Clone – from the Greek “Klon” meaning genetic duplicate
•Reproductive cloning
•Therapeutic cloning
•Recombinant DNA Technology (or DNA cloning)
Biotechnology
Reproductivecloning
cloning
Reproductive
Reproductive cloning
Biotechnology
Reproductive cloning
Reproductive Cloning
(b) Cloning for
medical use
(a) The first cloned cat
Mouflon calf
with mother
Banteng
Gaur
Gray wolf
Human Cloning
–Cloning of animals
●Has heightened speculation about human cloning
●Is very difficult and inefficient
–Critics raise practical and ethical objections to human
cloning.
Concept Check: Clicker Question
•Nuclear transplantation experiments
provide strong evidence for which of
the following?
A. Differentiated vertebrate cells still
maintain their full complement of
DNA.
B. Differentiated vertebrate cells do
not maintain their full complement
of DNA.
C. Vertebrate cloning is not feasible.
D. Cell differentiation is an
irreversible process.
Biotechnology
–The purpose of therapeutic cloning is not to produce
a viable organism but to produce embryonic stem cells.
–Embryonic stem cells
(ES cells)
•Are derived from blastocysts
•Can give rise to specific types
of differentiated cells
Biotechnology
Adult stem cells
•Are cells in adult tissues
•Generate replacements for nondividing differentiated cells
Different culture
conditions
Adult stem
cells in
bone marrow
Cultured
embryonic
stem cells
Different types of
differentiated cells
Blood cells
Nerve cells
Heart muscle
cells
Biotechnology
Therapeutic cloning
http://www.rndsystems.com/dam_public/6515.jpg
Biology and Society
●Embryonic stem cells are currently derived from extra human
blastocysts that sometimes result from in vitro fertilization
techniques. From 2001 to 2009, stem cell research supported by U.S.
agencies was restricted to only a small number of stem cell lines.
(Meanwhile, other countries were going ahead with embryonic stem
cell research.) But in March 2009, President Obama signed an
executive order reversing federal opposition to embryonic stem cell
research.
•Do you support the current U.S. governmental policy on stem
cell research?
Strongly
Agree
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Strongly
Disagree
Recombinant DNA technology
DNA isolated from
two sources and cut by
the same enzyme
Plasmid
(vector)
Some uses of genes:
Gene of interest
Recombinant
DNA
Some uses of proteins:
Gene for pest
resistance
Protein for
dissolving
clots
Gene for
toxic-cleanup
bacteria
Transgenic organisms
Useful products
Protein for
“stone-washing”
jeans
Examples:
In 1982, the world’s first genetically engineered
pharmaceutical product was sold.
Humulin, human insulin:
●Was produced by genetically modified bacteria
●Was the first recombinant DNA drug approved by the FDA
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
In the United States today, roughly one-half of the corn
crop and over three-quarters of the soybean and cotton
crops are genetically modified.
●Corn has been genetically
modified to resist insect
infestation.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
Golden Rice
Other Examples:
Palmiter et al. (1982) Dramatic growth of mice that develop
from eggs microinjected with metallothionine-growth
hormone fusion genes. Nature 300: 611-615
“Supermice”
Weeding Out Land Mines
http://www.glofish.com/
First Glowing Pet
DNA PROFILING AND FORENSIC SCIENCE
DNA profiling:
•Can be used to determine if two samples of genetic
material are from a particular individual
•Has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics, the
scientific analysis of evidence from crime scenes
Investigating Murder, Paternity, and
Ancient DNA
DNA profiling can be used to:
•Test the guilt of suspected criminals
•Identify tissue samples of victims
•Resolve paternity cases
•Identify contraband animal products
•Trace the evolutionary history of organisms
DNA PROFILING AND FORENSIC SCIENCE
Crime scene Suspect 1 Suspect 2
●To produce a
DNA profile,
scientists compare
genetic markers,
sequences in the
genome that vary
from person to
person.
DNA isolated
DNA amplified
DNA compared
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis
Repetitive DNA:
•Makes up much of the DNA that lies between genes in
humans
•Consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in
multiple copies in the genome
STR site 1
AGAT
STR site 2
GATA
Crime scene DNA
Same number of
short tandem repeats
Different numbers of
short tandem repeats
Suspect’s DNA
AGAT
GATA
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis
Amplified
crime scene
DNA
Amplified
suspect’s
DNA
Longer
fragments
Shorter
fragments
GENOMICS
Genomics is the science of studying complete sets of
genes (genomes).
●The first targets of genomics were bacteria.
●As of 2009, the genomes of nearly one thousand
species have been published, including:
Baker’s yeast
Mice
Fruit flies
Rice
The Human Genome Project
Begun in 1990, the Human Genome Project was a massive
scientific endeavor:
● To determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the
human genome and
● To identify the location and sequence of every gene
At the completion of the project in 2004:
●Over 99% of the genome had been determined to 99.999%
accuracy
● 3.2 billion nucleotide pairs were identified
● About 21,000 genes were found
● About 98% of the human DNA was identified as noncoding
Table 12.1
Chromosome
http://www.otogenetics.com/
https://www.23andme.com/
Chop up with
restriction enzyme
DNA fragments
Sequence
fragments
Align
fragments
Reassemble
full sequence