Download Organismal Biology Review for Test #1 (on 9 February 2005)

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Organismal Biology Review for Test #1 (on 9 February 2005)
Note: Chapters on test: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 – after putting this study
sheet together, I decided to wait and put Chapter 28 (Protista) on the
next test (you have plenty with the chapters up to 27)
A couple questions will come from the Evolution lab – especially review similarities
in vertebrate embryos
Helpful study tips – READ THE CHAPTERS (but you can skip the parts I said to
skip); try practice self-quizzes at the end of each chapter; if you have the CD that
came with the book, it also has practice quizzes and helpful hints
Don’t wait until Tuesday night to start studying – start going information now
(reading, notes, etc) – write down the parts that are hard for you to remember
Test will be all multiple choice – probably 50-60 questions. There will be some
questions that have options like: a and b, b and c, all the above, none of the above.
Chapter 22 – Descent with Modification…
On the Origin of Species – written by Charles Darwin, published 1859; purpose of
HMS Beagle’s trip
Natural selection – what it is, examples
Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish botanist – binomial nomenclature
Sedimentary rocks – often hold fossils; older fossils are usually deeper
“acquired traits”- WRONG – Lamarck
Galapagos Islands – where they are, their biological significance, “Darwin’s Finches”
Lyell – Earth is much older than people had thought before
Wallace – had same ideas about natural selection as Darwin
Descent with modification
Page 435 – know chart – Observations and Inferences about natural selection
Malthus – his writings about population increase influenced Darwin’s thinking
Artificial selection
Population and species – “biological” definitions
Natural selection and pesticide resistance
Homology (similar structures that have the same embryonic origins)
Biogeography – how it tells us about related animals
Endemics
Difference between the word “theory” and “hypothesis” in the scientific meaning
Chapter 23 – The Evolution of Populations
More about populations and species
Gene pool
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium – know what it means,recognize the equation, know what p
and q are; know why this equation is used and know the assumptions it has
genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect – what are they and what do they have to
do with gene frequency changes
gene flow, gene diversity
mutation
polymorphism – what it is and examples
cline – what it is and examples
Darwinian fitness (reproductive fitness) – what it is
Page 458 – know this page well – know about directional, diversifying, and stabilizing
selection – under what circumstances each might occur; recognize the graphs and
which one they go with
advantages/disadvantages of reproducing sexually vs asexually
intrasexual and intersexual selection – definitions and examples of each
selection works directly on phenotype
know what phenotype and genotype are
Chapter 24 – The Origin of Species
Patterns of speciation – anagenesis vs cladogenesis
Biological species concept (breeding or potentially breeding, viable and fertile offspring)
Page 467 – know Fig. 24.5 well – summary of reproductive barriers between closely
related species – prezygotic and postzygotic barriers
Allopatric vs sympatric speciation – what each is and how each might occur
Adaptive radiation
Punctuated equilibrium
Horse evolution – some major phenotype changes along the way from ancestors to
modern horse
Chapter 25 – Phylogeny and Systematics
Sedimentary rocks and fossils (again)
Geological time table – page 487 – don’t have to memorize it, but should know generally
what is really old and what is much newer
Radiometric dating, half life of C-14 – how used to age rock and fossils
Pangaea, continental drift, and how this affected speciation
Mass extinctions – what were they
Taxon – an example of a taxon would be Mammalia (but NOT the word Class)
Systematics – definition
Genus, specific epithet, species name – know the fine points
Page 493 – know Fig. 25.7 – (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc)
Clade – know generally what it is and recognize a picture of one
Analogy vs homology and convergent evolution (see page 495)
3
Chapter 26 – Early Earth and the Origin of Life
Page 511 – Fig. 26.1 – know order in which different groups are found in the fossil
record
Oxygen on Earth – when and how did it start
Spontaneous generation – experiment to discount it (Louis Pasteur)
Biogenesis – life arises from the reproduction of preexisting life
Page 522 – Fig. 26.15 – know 5-kingdom system
Page 523 – Fig. 26.16 – know 3 systems of classification
Chapter 27 – Prokaryotes…
Page 527 – Fig. 27.2 – know 3 domains of life
Shapes of prokaryotes– cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), helical (corkscrew-shaped)
Know main characteristics of prokaryotes –
Differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria – know structure of cell
walls and why this makes one type (negative) more harmful; peptidogylcan and
lipopolysaccharide
Taxis – movement towards or away from a stimulus
Binary fission (asexual reproduction) (but some prokaryotes can transfer genetic material
between individuals)
Endospore
Autotroph vs heterotroph
Saprobe – absorb their nutrients from dead organic mater
Parasite – absorb their nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts
Nitrogen fixation – what is it
Obligate aerobes, facultative anaerobes, obligate anaerobes
Archaea – live in extreme conditions (extremophiles)
Halo – salty (saline)
Thermo – usually refers to hot with respect to Archaea
Page 537 – Table 27.2 – know differences for first 3 characteristics and last one
Exotoxin (e.g., botulism) vs endotoxin (e.g., Salmonella)
Lyme disease
Symbiosis, mutualism, commensalisms, host, parasitism
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