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NCEA Level 2 BIOLOGY: INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS Genetics and Variation Achievement Standard: Biology AS90459 3 Credits External Examination Title: Describe genetic variation and change Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Describe biological concepts and processes that relate to genetic variation and change. Explain biological concepts and processes that relate to genetic variation and change. Discuss biological concepts and processes that relate to genetic variation and change. Note – the structure of DNA is required for AS 90464. It is included here as it also has strong links to the Genetics Topic. Key Words: These are the words that you are expected to understand when used in questions and be able to use in your answers Prior Knowledge Vocabulary adenine allele cytosine DNA dominant double helix gene genotype guanine heterozygous homozygous meiosis mitosis monohybrid phenotype recessive sex chromosome test cross thymine dihybrid diploid gametic germ haploid / monoploid heritable variation histone homologous pair independent assortment locus mutation nucleotide recombination semi-conservative somatic Core Vocabulary autosome centromere chiasma chromatid chromosome crossing over Supplementary Vocabulary chromosome mutation deletion duplication gene mutation genome insertion mutagen substitution translocation At the end of this unit of work you should be able to use the core knowledge listed in the statements below to describe, explain and discuss aspects of genetics and variation. Questions may be presented to you in unfamiliar situations that will require you to recognise and link these ideas together. Prior knowledge from Y11 genetics topic…………………….. P1 P2 P3 P4 Identify where DNA is found in the cell Identify how heritable information is passed from generation to generation. Know the purpose and products of mitosis and meiosis Define the terms gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous, homozygous, dominant and recessive. Demonstrate the principles of simple monohybrid crosses involving dominant and recessive alleles and use these principles to P5 predict the outcome of cross breeding. Core knowledge from this topic 1 Describe the structure of DNA and its role in the cell. 2 Describe the structure of a chromosome. 3 Define the terms autosome and sex chromosome. 4 Define the terms homologous, haploid / monoploid and diploid with respect to chromosomes. 5 Describe the process of DNA replication. 6 Describe Mitosis and Meiosis and explain the importance of these processes. 7 Describe independent assortment and segregation and explain the relevance of these to variation. Describe the process of crossing over within meiosis and the impact of this on the production of recombinant chromosomes within 8 the gametes. 9 Define the term mutation and identify ways in which mutations may affect an organism. 10 Differentiate between the effect of gametic and somatic mutations 11 Describe the principles of dihybrid inheritance patterns and use these to predict the outcome of dihybrid inheritance problems. 12 Use core knowledge to give reasons for genetic variation and change Show understanding of genetic variation and change by using the core knowledge to link ideas e.g. in justifying, relating, evaluating, 13 comparing and contrasting or analysing. 14 Communicate ideas clearly and concisely using the biological language relevant to this topic. Students will be expected to utilise the core knowledge outlined in the statements below to describe, explain and discuss aspects of 15 genetics and variation in unfamiliar situations that will require you to recognise and link these ideas together Supplementary knowledge that will contribute to your understanding of the core knowledge S1 Define the term genome. S2 Identify potential mutagens S3 Explain the potential for environment to affect phenotype. S4 Describe the effects of point and chromosome mutations