Download Chapter 35 – The Immune System – Overview What are pathogens

Chapter 35 – The Immune System – Overview
1. What are pathogens?
2. What is the most basic defense against pathogens?
3. If barrier defenses are breached, what must an animal’s immune system do to begin the fight
against pathogens within the body?
4. What is innate immunity?
5. What is acquired immunity?
6. Comparing innate immunity and acquired immunity, what are their relative speeds of response
and ranges of recognition?
7. List three barrier defenses:
8. List the four innate internal defenses:
9. What is the function of a Toll receptor in invertebrates?
10. In mammals, what is a TLR and what is its function?
11. What is a neutrophil?
12. What are macrophages? Where do they reside?
13. What is the role of an eosinophil?
14. What are dentritic cells?
15. What are interferons?
16. How does the complement system fight infection?
17. Describe the inflammatory response:
18. What do natural killer cells do?
19. What are some examples of adaptations that pathogens may have to avoid destruction by
phagocytic cells?
20. What are the two types of lymphocytes? Where do all lymphocytes originate from? Where do
the two types mature?
21. What is immunological memory?
22. What are cytokines?
23. What is an antigen?
24. Approximately how many antigen receptors are on a typical B or T cell? How many types of
receptors are on a single T or B lymphocyte?
25. What is an epitope? Explain how the body’s lymphocytes display specificity for a particular
epitope?
26. Label the following diagram:
27. What is the main role of an MHC (major histocompatibility complex)?
28. On what types of cells are Class I MHC’s found? Where do the antigens they present come
from? What type of cell recognizes the Class I MHC’s displayed antigen and how does it respond?
29. Answer the same questions from #28 above with regard to Class II MHC molecules.
30. How can one account for the 1 million different B cells and 10 million different T cells each person
has despite the fact that there are only 20,500 protein-coding genes in the human genome?
31. What is self-tolerance? What happens to immature self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent them
from reacting with self epitopes?
32. If there are so few lymphocytes that have the receptors for a specific presented antigen, how can
the acquired immune response be so effective? (What happens to a lymphocyte that has been
triggered by the binding of an antigen?)
33. What is clonal selection? Describe the two types of clones that are formed from activated B or T
cells.
34. Describe the primary immune response.
35. Describe the secondary immune response.
36. What is humoral immune response?
37. What is cell-mediated immune response?
38. What is the function of the CD4 protein on helper-T cells?
39. What is the function of the CD8 surface proteins on cytotoxic T cells?
40. *Give an example of how monoclonal antibodies are useful for tagging specific molecules.
41. Label the following diagram:
42. Label the following diagram:
43. *What is the suggested relationship between cancer and the immune system?
44. Label the following diagram:
45. Label the following diagram:
46. Describe three antibody-mediated mechanisms of antigen disposal.
47. Compare and contrast active and passive immunity.
48. How can active and passive immunity be artificially induced?
49. Describe two examples of immune rejection.
50. What are four examples of exaggerated, self-directed, and diminished immune responses?
51. What are three examples of how pathogens can evade (or attack) the acquired immune system?