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Biology 30 Senses, Nervous System and Endocrine System
JOURNAL QUESTIONS
1.
Identify the two systems involved in the regulation and coordination of the internal environment.
2.
Compare and contrast the structure and operation of the two control systems.
3.
Describe regulation of levels of blood glucose as a specific example of homeostasis.
a) glucagon and insulin secretion
b) alpha and beta cells in the pancreatic islets
c) hypothalamus and feelings of hunger and satiety
4.
Distinguish between type I and type II diabetes.
5.
Define the following terms:
a) hormone
b) target tissue
c) receptor sites
6.
Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands, and give an example of each.
7.
Distinguish between the mode of action of steroid hormones and protein hormones.
8.
Explain negative feedback as a homeostatic process.
9.
Identify the following major endocrine glands on a diagram (you can print one from the computer
but all labeling must be done by hand) of a human:
a) anterior pituitary
d) pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
b) adrenals
e) thyroid
c) posterior pituitary
f) gonad
10. For each of the following hormones, indicate the gland which produces it and the primary
function.
a) thyroxine
e) glucagon
k) LH
b) ADH
f) TSH
l) oxytocin
c) insulin
g) epinephrine
m) prolactin
d) somatotropin
h) ACTH
n) FSH
(growth
i) cortisol
hormone)
j) aldosterone
11. Explain why the pituitary is often termed the "master gland".
12. Outline the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
13. Describe how internal stimuli can activate glands causing release of specific hormones.
14. Explain the control of ADH (vasopressin) secretion by negative feedback
15. Illustrate how the adrenal glands and the autonomic nervous system interact in times of stress.
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16. For each of the following endocrine disorders, indicate the hormone involved, whether the
cause is hyposecretion or hypersecretion, and the symptoms:
a) hypothyroidism
e) giantism
b) hyperthyroidism
f) dwarfism
c) goitre
g) acromegaly
d) diabetes mellitus
17. Name and describe the three components of nervous control.
18. Explain the composition and organization of the nervous system, using the following terms:
a) central nervous system (CNS)
d) autonomic nervous system (ANS)
b) peripheral nervous system (PNS)
e) sympathetic nervous system
c) somatic system
f) parasympathetic nervous system
19. Differentiate between the following terms:
a) neuron and nerve
b) cranial nerve and spinal nerve
20. Compare the structure and function of the three types of neurons.
21. Give the functions of each of the following structures:
a) cell body
e) Schwann cell
b) nucleus
f) myelin sheath
c) dendrites
g) neurilemma
d) axon
h) axon terminal
22. Draw the structure of a motor neuron. Include dendrites, cell body with nucleus, elongated
axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier and motor end plates.
23. Define the terms reflex and reflex arc.
24. Diagram the components of a reflex arc and describe the transmission of a nerve impulse
through them.
25. Define nerve impulse, resting potential and action potential (depolarization and repolarization).\
26. Describe the following events that occur when a neuron is stimulated:
a) depolarization
b) repolarization
c) refractory period
27. Explain how a nerve impulse passes along a non-myelinated neuron (axon). Include the role of
Na+ ions, K+ ions, voltage-gated ion channels, active transport and changes in membrane
polarization.
28. Describe the "all-or-none" response using the concept of threshold potential.
29. Explain why an impulse travels faster through myelinated axons than through unmyelinated
axons.
30. Define the term synapse.
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31. Explain how the following substances and structures contribute to the transmission of a nerve
impulse across a synapse and describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted across a synapse:
a) synaptic cleft
d) the release, diffusion, and binding of the
b) synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitter
c) depolarization of the post-synaptic
e) receptor sites
membrane
f) Ca2+ influx
g) removal of the neurotransmitter
32. Identify the most common neurotransmitter found in synapses.
33. Describe the role of cholinesterase in regulating synaptic transmission.
34. Explain how a synapse ensures the one-way conduction of nerve impulses.
35. Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory chemical transmitters.
36. Define hyperpolarization and summation.
37. Identify one other transmitter chemical secreted in the PNS and five secreted in the CNS.
38. Describe two disorders associated with neurotransmitter chemicals.\
39. Distinguish between a synapse and a neuromuscular junction.
40. Identify the two parts of the central nervous system.
41. Describe the location of the spinal cord and its general functions.
42. Describe the how the following structures protect the brain:
a) skull bones
b) meninges
c) cerebrospinal fluid
43. Describe the major function of each region:
a) cerebrum
b) cerebral hemispheres
c) cerebellum
d) pons
e) hypothalamus
f) medulla oblongata
44. Describe the major function of each:
a) frontal lobe
c) temporal lobe
b) parietal lobe
d) occipital lobe
45. Describe the organization of the peripheral nervous system in terms of sensory, motor, somatic,
autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.
46. Define the following:
a) cranial nerves
b) spinal nerves
c) vagus nerves
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47. Describe the general function of the somatic nervous system.
48. Describe the general function of the autonomic nervous system.
49. Identify the two subdivisions of the ANS.
50. Explain why the two divisions of the ANS are termed "antagonistic".
51. Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems with reference to origin of nerves.
52. Describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the following
structures:
a) pupil of the eye
d) heart
f) capillaries in skeletal
b) salivary glands
e) digestive tract
muscles
c) bronchioles
53. Define the following terms:
a) stimulus
d) amplification
b) reception
e) integration
c) transduction
f) sensory adaptation
54. Give examples of each of the following kinds of receptors:
a) mechanoreceptor
c) photoreceptor
b) chemoreceptor
d) thermoreceptor
e) pain receptor
55. State the function of taste receptors, and identify the four basic tastes.
56. Define the term "olfactory epithelium" and describe its location.
57. Describe the connection between the senses of taste and smell.
58. State the function of the following structures
a. external ear
f. organ of Corti
b. inner ear
g. tympanic
c. pinna
membrane
d. cochlea
h. auditory nerve
e. auditory
i. middle ear
canal
j. round window
k.
l.
m.
n.
eustachian tube
semicircular canals
ossicles
vestibule (utricle,
saccule, otoliths)
o. oval window
59. Describe how vibrations in the air are converted to nerve impulses in the auditory nerve. Begin
your description with the movement of the tympanic membrane.
60. Describe the function of the ear in maintenance of balance (static and dynamic equilibrium).
61. Explain how the ligaments, tendons and muscles that join the ossicles of the middle ear provide
protection against high intensity sound.
62. Describe three technologies used for treatment of hearing disorders.
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63. State the functions of the following structures:
a. sclera
f. fovea
b. ciliary muscles
g. conjunctiva
c. extrinsic muscles
h. blindspot
d. retina
i. choroids
e. cornea
j. optic nerve
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
iris
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor
pupil
64. Identify the light receptor cells in the eye, the intensity of light in which each functions, and the
quality of image produced by each.
65. Describe how light is focused on the retina.
66. Define accommodation and describe its importance.
67. Describe the each of the following visual defects, its cause and treatment:
a) glaucoma
d) near-sightedness
b) cataract
e) far-sightedness
c) astigmatism
f) colour blindness
68. Describe three technologies used for treatment of visual disorders.
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