1 ` ENSO Jigsaw [Key Science Knowledge Module] 1 Activity
... gap are the trade winds. The warm pool of water releases large amounts of heat and moisture into the atmosphere. Sea surface temperatures in the warm pool are up to 6 degrees Celsius warmer than in the cooler pools. This warm pool is an Western Pacific Eastern Pacific important force in determining ...
... gap are the trade winds. The warm pool of water releases large amounts of heat and moisture into the atmosphere. Sea surface temperatures in the warm pool are up to 6 degrees Celsius warmer than in the cooler pools. This warm pool is an Western Pacific Eastern Pacific important force in determining ...
Response of ocean phytoplankton community structure to climate
... nutrients more efficiently in the stratified low latitudes. Furthermore, different phytoplankton types have different light requirements, and their response to light will also depend on their chlorophyll to carbon ratio (Chl/C), the initial slope α of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curve, nutri ...
... nutrients more efficiently in the stratified low latitudes. Furthermore, different phytoplankton types have different light requirements, and their response to light will also depend on their chlorophyll to carbon ratio (Chl/C), the initial slope α of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) curve, nutri ...
Annual report 2005 (of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
... In response, the IOC organized and coordinated an intensive series of high profile, international intergovernmental meetings that resulted in the unprecedented commitment and unified, rapid action of our Member States towards the establishment of an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System ( ...
... In response, the IOC organized and coordinated an intensive series of high profile, international intergovernmental meetings that resulted in the unprecedented commitment and unified, rapid action of our Member States towards the establishment of an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System ( ...
Marine Animalia Organism Diversity and Reef Condition on Two
... calcification rate of framework builders (Anthony et al. 2008). In fact, more than 30% of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere by human activities is taken up by the ocean, lowering the pH of waters to levels that have the potential to prevent calcium carbonate accretion by organisms such as coral reef ...
... calcification rate of framework builders (Anthony et al. 2008). In fact, more than 30% of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere by human activities is taken up by the ocean, lowering the pH of waters to levels that have the potential to prevent calcium carbonate accretion by organisms such as coral reef ...
Book of Abstracts
... stakeholders (often referred to as the need for more “Ocean Literacy”), and to do that in the most innovative, creative and inclusive way. By joining forces with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO), the European Marine Board (and its communications panel EMBCP) and ...
... stakeholders (often referred to as the need for more “Ocean Literacy”), and to do that in the most innovative, creative and inclusive way. By joining forces with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO), the European Marine Board (and its communications panel EMBCP) and ...
SECOND INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION (IIOE-2)
... understanding of geologic, oceanic and atmospheric processes in the Indian Ocean is still rudimentary in many respects. This is largely because the Indian Ocean remains under-sampled in both space and time, especially compared to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The situation is compounded by the In ...
... understanding of geologic, oceanic and atmospheric processes in the Indian Ocean is still rudimentary in many respects. This is largely because the Indian Ocean remains under-sampled in both space and time, especially compared to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The situation is compounded by the In ...
Satellite estimates of net community production indicate
... There is ongoing debate as to whether the oligotrophic ocean is predominantly net autotrophic and acts as a CO2 sink, or net heterotrophic and therefore acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere. This quantification is challenging, both spatially and temporally, due to the sparseness of measurements. Th ...
... There is ongoing debate as to whether the oligotrophic ocean is predominantly net autotrophic and acts as a CO2 sink, or net heterotrophic and therefore acts as a CO2 source to the atmosphere. This quantification is challenging, both spatially and temporally, due to the sparseness of measurements. Th ...
Metal Stable Isotopes in Paleoceanography
... Zn, Cu, Tl, and a number of other metals and metalloids also show promise. Here we review the basis of stable isotope fractionation as it applies to these elements, analytical considerations, and the current status and future prospects of this rapidly developing research area. ...
... Zn, Cu, Tl, and a number of other metals and metalloids also show promise. Here we review the basis of stable isotope fractionation as it applies to these elements, analytical considerations, and the current status and future prospects of this rapidly developing research area. ...
Mapping and Monitoring Large-Scale Ocean Fronts Off the
... in the late 1970s. They possess frontal boundaries that separate them from the surrounding offshore waters. Far offshore in the California Current during the winter, fronts occur that are not related to upwelling and thus are due to other factors. Owen (1981) refers to these features generally as de ...
... in the late 1970s. They possess frontal boundaries that separate them from the surrounding offshore waters. Far offshore in the California Current during the winter, fronts occur that are not related to upwelling and thus are due to other factors. Owen (1981) refers to these features generally as de ...
Anbar and Rouxel, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
... systems. For decades, paleoceanographers have used isotope variations in ancient sediments as proxies to track changes through time in processes that cannot be measured directly. This work has centered on traditional stable isotopes and radiogenic isotope systems such as Rb/Sr, Sm/Nd, and U/Th/Pb as ...
... systems. For decades, paleoceanographers have used isotope variations in ancient sediments as proxies to track changes through time in processes that cannot be measured directly. This work has centered on traditional stable isotopes and radiogenic isotope systems such as Rb/Sr, Sm/Nd, and U/Th/Pb as ...
Stationary Eddies and the Zonal Asymmetry of Net Precipitation and
... the hydrologically relevant stationary-eddy vertical motion to the large-scale horizontal flow of the stationary eddies. Tools for understanding the response of stationary Rossby waves to large-scale forcing by heating and orography [e.g., Hoskins and Karoly 1981; see reviews by Held (1983) and Held ...
... the hydrologically relevant stationary-eddy vertical motion to the large-scale horizontal flow of the stationary eddies. Tools for understanding the response of stationary Rossby waves to large-scale forcing by heating and orography [e.g., Hoskins and Karoly 1981; see reviews by Held (1983) and Held ...
37th session of the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects
... biomagnification in marine biota, if conducted, would require a multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary approach and would need to build on the expertise of UN Agencies such as WHO and FAO, and intergovernmental organizations such as IWC, AMAP, OSPAR and CIESM. A two-step approach to an eventual asses ...
... biomagnification in marine biota, if conducted, would require a multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary approach and would need to build on the expertise of UN Agencies such as WHO and FAO, and intergovernmental organizations such as IWC, AMAP, OSPAR and CIESM. A two-step approach to an eventual asses ...
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current The ACC is the world`s only
... (i.e., demersal and benthopelagic) and those that spend their lives higher up in the water column and are not dependent on the bottom (pelagic). A further distinction in polar regions involves the species that are dependent, at least at some stage in their life, on sea ice (cryopelagic). The overlap ...
... (i.e., demersal and benthopelagic) and those that spend their lives higher up in the water column and are not dependent on the bottom (pelagic). A further distinction in polar regions involves the species that are dependent, at least at some stage in their life, on sea ice (cryopelagic). The overlap ...
Chapter 1—Origins
... a. His goal was to discover new lands. b. Like many early explorers, Columbus thought the Earth was flat. c. One of Columbus' biggest mistakes is that he estimated the Earth to be only about half of its true size. d. He was the first explorer to see the mainland of North America. e. none of these AN ...
... a. His goal was to discover new lands. b. Like many early explorers, Columbus thought the Earth was flat. c. One of Columbus' biggest mistakes is that he estimated the Earth to be only about half of its true size. d. He was the first explorer to see the mainland of North America. e. none of these AN ...
Ocean Climate Indicators Status Report: 2015
... Sea surface salinity values are also used as indicators of upwelling, as high sea surface salinities can be a sign of nutrient inputs from deeper waters. Two climate change-related phenomena have become issues of concern for our coastal oceans: ocean acidification and hypoxia. Rising concentrations ...
... Sea surface salinity values are also used as indicators of upwelling, as high sea surface salinities can be a sign of nutrient inputs from deeper waters. Two climate change-related phenomena have become issues of concern for our coastal oceans: ocean acidification and hypoxia. Rising concentrations ...
zmt Report 2011/2012
... covered the year 2011. It was revised during the reporting period in adaptation to timely research questions and new expertise gained by the ZMT. The new programme areas with their subareas are: 1. Ecosystem functioning and services • Tropical upwelling systems as resource providers and analogues f ...
... covered the year 2011. It was revised during the reporting period in adaptation to timely research questions and new expertise gained by the ZMT. The new programme areas with their subareas are: 1. Ecosystem functioning and services • Tropical upwelling systems as resource providers and analogues f ...
Untitled - International Seabed Authority
... combined with the understanding of the implications of the new discoveries. An important step towards realization of benefits in respect of marine minerals is the acquisition and dissemination of information. To this end, in a joint project with the International Seabed Authority, the United Nations ...
... combined with the understanding of the implications of the new discoveries. An important step towards realization of benefits in respect of marine minerals is the acquisition and dissemination of information. To this end, in a joint project with the International Seabed Authority, the United Nations ...
Normalized rare earth elements in water
... water masses. The water masses in the Atlantic Ocean, with increasing depth, are surface water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, and Antarctic Bottom Water [41]. The advection of Antarctic Bottom Water that has relatively low REE concentrations produces a mid-water REE concen ...
... water masses. The water masses in the Atlantic Ocean, with increasing depth, are surface water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, and Antarctic Bottom Water [41]. The advection of Antarctic Bottom Water that has relatively low REE concentrations produces a mid-water REE concen ...
View/Download the Competition Program
... of the art systems that are used for ocean modeling, ocean sensing, and real-time data collection; runs two State of Florida research vessels; and is located amongst the largest concentration of marine scientists in the Southeastern US. CMS research includes climate change, marine resource depletion ...
... of the art systems that are used for ocean modeling, ocean sensing, and real-time data collection; runs two State of Florida research vessels; and is located amongst the largest concentration of marine scientists in the Southeastern US. CMS research includes climate change, marine resource depletion ...
DEEP SEA. WASTE DISPOSAL
... expand the applied effort selectively bringing in new people with the right basic skills. This paper attempts to identify scientific projects that could be undertaken by the United Kingdom with this in mind, making use of advanced expertise already present, adding to it where necessary and reinforci ...
... expand the applied effort selectively bringing in new people with the right basic skills. This paper attempts to identify scientific projects that could be undertaken by the United Kingdom with this in mind, making use of advanced expertise already present, adding to it where necessary and reinforci ...
Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals
... with organic compounds can lead to a significant increase in the accumulation of such compounds in sediment-dwelling worms (Teuten et al. 2007). Similarly, seabirds that ingest relatively high levels of marine plastics accumulate chemicals from those plastics in their body tissues (Tanaka et al. 201 ...
... with organic compounds can lead to a significant increase in the accumulation of such compounds in sediment-dwelling worms (Teuten et al. 2007). Similarly, seabirds that ingest relatively high levels of marine plastics accumulate chemicals from those plastics in their body tissues (Tanaka et al. 201 ...
Final Version 2013 2014 Annual Progress Report
... circulation, and how it might respond to global climate change, or integrations involving the ocean circulation and the biogeochemical tracers within it. 2. Applications involving the physical components of climate system; coupled oceanatmosphere- land-ice models. These are the traditional ‘climate ...
... circulation, and how it might respond to global climate change, or integrations involving the ocean circulation and the biogeochemical tracers within it. 2. Applications involving the physical components of climate system; coupled oceanatmosphere- land-ice models. These are the traditional ‘climate ...
A VISION FOR CIRCUMPOLAR PROTECTION
... The Antarctic Ocean Alliance acknowledges that there remains a need for considerable effort in the international process for determining the final network. For the past seven years, CCAMLR Member countries and scientists have made progress in developing plans for MPAs and no-take marine reserves in ...
... The Antarctic Ocean Alliance acknowledges that there remains a need for considerable effort in the international process for determining the final network. For the past seven years, CCAMLR Member countries and scientists have made progress in developing plans for MPAs and no-take marine reserves in ...
CCAMLR - Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
... Antarctic still has penguin breeding colonies large enough to deafen human ears with their insistent calls. The Antarctic also has millions of crabeater seals, which are believed to be the second-most populous mammal on earth5. Likely because of the remoteness and harsh weather, some areas of the So ...
... Antarctic still has penguin breeding colonies large enough to deafen human ears with their insistent calls. The Antarctic also has millions of crabeater seals, which are believed to be the second-most populous mammal on earth5. Likely because of the remoteness and harsh weather, some areas of the So ...
Antarctic Ocean Legacy: A Vision for Circumpolar
... The Antarctic Ocean Alliance acknowledges that there remains a need for considerable effort in the international process for determining the final network. For the past seven years, CCAMLR Member countries and scientists have made progress in developing plans for MPAs and no-take marine reserves in ...
... The Antarctic Ocean Alliance acknowledges that there remains a need for considerable effort in the international process for determining the final network. For the past seven years, CCAMLR Member countries and scientists have made progress in developing plans for MPAs and no-take marine reserves in ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.