1№S€EN1>IMÎ PATHWAYS FROM ТИК BRAIN STEM ТО ТИК
... As a preliminary step it was felt necessary to make an analysis of normal material, more in particular of series stained according to Nissl and HÏggqvist ('36). The latter technique, a modification of the Alzheimer Mann methylblue-eosin technique, was introduced in Holland by Verhaart and his school ...
... As a preliminary step it was felt necessary to make an analysis of normal material, more in particular of series stained according to Nissl and HÏggqvist ('36). The latter technique, a modification of the Alzheimer Mann methylblue-eosin technique, was introduced in Holland by Verhaart and his school ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
... injuries [51,52]. Models of TBI, primarily or exclusively leading to DAI in well circumscribed brainstem pathways, like the Marmarou model [53,54] provide an excellent field of research as far as pathophysiology-driven therapeutic interventions are considered. In this model a simple weight-drop devi ...
... injuries [51,52]. Models of TBI, primarily or exclusively leading to DAI in well circumscribed brainstem pathways, like the Marmarou model [53,54] provide an excellent field of research as far as pathophysiology-driven therapeutic interventions are considered. In this model a simple weight-drop devi ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
thesis - ETDA
... dystonia, which results in larger cortical representation areas of the affected body parts and that may affect inhibition (Hallett M, 1998). While many theories are currently being discussed in the literature, very few are consistently supported by findings in dystonic patients. This could mean that ...
... dystonia, which results in larger cortical representation areas of the affected body parts and that may affect inhibition (Hallett M, 1998). While many theories are currently being discussed in the literature, very few are consistently supported by findings in dystonic patients. This could mean that ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... transferred to a recording chamber where it was perfused with oxygenated saline. The dissection was frequently made 16-18 hr before recordings were made, in which case the cord was kept perfused at 4°C; this procedure did not cause any decrement in synaptic potential amplitudes. Intracellular record ...
... transferred to a recording chamber where it was perfused with oxygenated saline. The dissection was frequently made 16-18 hr before recordings were made, in which case the cord was kept perfused at 4°C; this procedure did not cause any decrement in synaptic potential amplitudes. Intracellular record ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... between these structural domains allows for the regulated localization of MARCKS to the plasma membrane. Membrane-localized MARCKS can serve as a docking station for calmodulin and several multivalent lipids, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylserine (PS), as well ...
... between these structural domains allows for the regulated localization of MARCKS to the plasma membrane. Membrane-localized MARCKS can serve as a docking station for calmodulin and several multivalent lipids, including phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylserine (PS), as well ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... that produced a 50% reduction in response rate. One of the problems encountered when studying IE neurons concerns the choice of a feature that uniquely describes the unit’s sensitivity to IIDs. Spike count is an unstable index because the spike count depends on factors other than the IID, such as st ...
... that produced a 50% reduction in response rate. One of the problems encountered when studying IE neurons concerns the choice of a feature that uniquely describes the unit’s sensitivity to IIDs. Spike count is an unstable index because the spike count depends on factors other than the IID, such as st ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
... a variety of precursors far more effectively than that of glutamate, an intermediate in glutamine synthesis (Clarke, Nicklas & Berl, 1970). However, the labelling of GABA, which also derives from glutamate, was hardly affected by fluoroacetate. These results have been explained in terms of a separat ...
... a variety of precursors far more effectively than that of glutamate, an intermediate in glutamine synthesis (Clarke, Nicklas & Berl, 1970). However, the labelling of GABA, which also derives from glutamate, was hardly affected by fluoroacetate. These results have been explained in terms of a separat ...
neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data
... is to make us eat, drink, and mate. Species with brains that allow them to get better rewards will win in evolution. This is what our brain does, acquire rewards, and do it in the best possible way. It may well be the reason why brains have evolved. Brains allow multicellular organisms to move about ...
... is to make us eat, drink, and mate. Species with brains that allow them to get better rewards will win in evolution. This is what our brain does, acquire rewards, and do it in the best possible way. It may well be the reason why brains have evolved. Brains allow multicellular organisms to move about ...
A microbial observatory for the study of neutraphilic
... Initial Questions: • Can we track changes in microbial mat community structure using T-RFLP in conjunction with other molecular methods? • What about spatial and temporal variability? • Are there key populations in the community triggered by environmental forcing functions that we can target? ...
... Initial Questions: • Can we track changes in microbial mat community structure using T-RFLP in conjunction with other molecular methods? • What about spatial and temporal variability? • Are there key populations in the community triggered by environmental forcing functions that we can target? ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... should be considered that each influences the other and they sometimes even are reciprocally dependent. For example moving my eyes will subsequently change the visual scene I experience and in order to feel the roughness of sandpaper I need to move my finger along it. Therefore, sensory processing c ...
... should be considered that each influences the other and they sometimes even are reciprocally dependent. For example moving my eyes will subsequently change the visual scene I experience and in order to feel the roughness of sandpaper I need to move my finger along it. Therefore, sensory processing c ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
... naturally, and that we therefore characterize as ‘impossible’, even though it can be simulated in the laboratory. Recent physiological experiments support this conclusion. When presented with various possible disparity patterns, V1 neurons prefer stimuli with uniform disparity10, in contrast to high ...
... naturally, and that we therefore characterize as ‘impossible’, even though it can be simulated in the laboratory. Recent physiological experiments support this conclusion. When presented with various possible disparity patterns, V1 neurons prefer stimuli with uniform disparity10, in contrast to high ...
khazar university human physiology
... though it suffers from grave shortcomings: loss of blood, pain, narcosis exert the negative influence on experimental animals’ vital functions and the facts are misrepresented. The chronic experiments permit to study the functions of experimental animals during a long period of time, even for many m ...
... though it suffers from grave shortcomings: loss of blood, pain, narcosis exert the negative influence on experimental animals’ vital functions and the facts are misrepresented. The chronic experiments permit to study the functions of experimental animals during a long period of time, even for many m ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... delineated by a lattice-like shell comprised of a catalytic “platform” and an “arc lamp” scaffolding structure (Fig. 1; Chang et al. 2014; Yamaguchi et al. 2015). Positioned at the periphery of the platform is the catalytic core, consisting of APC2 and APC11. The platform also includes APC1, APC4, A ...
... delineated by a lattice-like shell comprised of a catalytic “platform” and an “arc lamp” scaffolding structure (Fig. 1; Chang et al. 2014; Yamaguchi et al. 2015). Positioned at the periphery of the platform is the catalytic core, consisting of APC2 and APC11. The platform also includes APC1, APC4, A ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... 2.7.3 Ascending nociceptive pathways are partially functional from birth……83 2.7.4 RVM neurons are not responsive to ascending inputs until P12…………86 ...
... 2.7.3 Ascending nociceptive pathways are partially functional from birth……83 2.7.4 RVM neurons are not responsive to ascending inputs until P12…………86 ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
Full-Text PDF
... Thrombin is a large, spherical molecule, with a major groove around its equatorial axis, that is unable to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [9]. In cases of a BBB breakdown, e.g., during head trauma, severe epilepsy, inflammation and other pathologic conditions, thrombin enters the brain and reach ...
... Thrombin is a large, spherical molecule, with a major groove around its equatorial axis, that is unable to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [9]. In cases of a BBB breakdown, e.g., during head trauma, severe epilepsy, inflammation and other pathologic conditions, thrombin enters the brain and reach ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... paralysis or other sensory–motor deficits. The recorded signals have taken the form of EEG, MEG, and intracortical signals (Schwartz et al 2006). A promising class of BCIs extracts information directly from action potentials, or ʻspikesʼ, identified from the voltage traces recorded from chronically im ...
... paralysis or other sensory–motor deficits. The recorded signals have taken the form of EEG, MEG, and intracortical signals (Schwartz et al 2006). A promising class of BCIs extracts information directly from action potentials, or ʻspikesʼ, identified from the voltage traces recorded from chronically im ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... Histamine-containing somata and fibers are widespread in arthropod brains, with the most intense labeling in the retinal photoreceptors and in the first optic ganglion, where the short visual fibers contact the monopolar neurons (507, 576, 711). Histamine is released from arthropod photoreceptors an ...
... Histamine-containing somata and fibers are widespread in arthropod brains, with the most intense labeling in the retinal photoreceptors and in the first optic ganglion, where the short visual fibers contact the monopolar neurons (507, 576, 711). Histamine is released from arthropod photoreceptors an ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... punisher that is or is not obtained when the action is performed.). The ACC contains representations of reward and punisher value, and thus of outcome, which are essential for learning associations between actions and the outcomes that follow actions. The midcingulate area contains representations o ...
... punisher that is or is not obtained when the action is performed.). The ACC contains representations of reward and punisher value, and thus of outcome, which are essential for learning associations between actions and the outcomes that follow actions. The midcingulate area contains representations o ...
Spike-based Winner-Take-All Computation in a Multi
... our current artificial computation systems, as powerful as they are when processing large data sets, still fail miserably when compared to the interaction capability of biological systems with the real world. Taking inspiration from key principles of biological information processing systems to impr ...
... our current artificial computation systems, as powerful as they are when processing large data sets, still fail miserably when compared to the interaction capability of biological systems with the real world. Taking inspiration from key principles of biological information processing systems to impr ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... The first is the autonomic and endocrine system, for producing such changes as increased heart rate and release of adrenaline, which prepare the body for action. Structures receiving from the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that provide a route for these autonomic ...
... The first is the autonomic and endocrine system, for producing such changes as increased heart rate and release of adrenaline, which prepare the body for action. Structures receiving from the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) that provide a route for these autonomic ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... bolstered already at that time by demonstrations of autonomic influences of cerebellar stimulation (change in bowel motility, and effects on pupil dilatation, among others). These observations regarding primary and secondary sensory representations, animal behavioral phenomena, and clinical-patholog ...
... bolstered already at that time by demonstrations of autonomic influences of cerebellar stimulation (change in bowel motility, and effects on pupil dilatation, among others). These observations regarding primary and secondary sensory representations, animal behavioral phenomena, and clinical-patholog ...
Neck Muscle Responses to Stimulation of Monkey Superior
... Each monkey underwent two surgeries as described previously (Corneil et al. 2001). Briefly, the first surgery prepared the monkey for chronic recording of gaze position and extracellular recording and microstimulation within the SC (Munoz and Istvan 1998). A cylinder was positioned over a craniotomy ...
... Each monkey underwent two surgeries as described previously (Corneil et al. 2001). Briefly, the first surgery prepared the monkey for chronic recording of gaze position and extracellular recording and microstimulation within the SC (Munoz and Istvan 1998). A cylinder was positioned over a craniotomy ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.