Graziano's CV
... single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 27: 2760-2780. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2006) Possible origins of the complex topographic organization of motor cortex: reduction of a multidimensional space onto a 2-dimensional array. Journal of Neuroscience, 26: 6288-62 ...
... single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 27: 2760-2780. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2006) Possible origins of the complex topographic organization of motor cortex: reduction of a multidimensional space onto a 2-dimensional array. Journal of Neuroscience, 26: 6288-62 ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... primary sensory cortex. The plots show that neurons that are near neighbors in the tangential plane of the cortex have very similar RF properties, and that similarity declines with increasing distance. The decline in RF similarity with increasing tangential separation has two distinct phases: In the ...
... primary sensory cortex. The plots show that neurons that are near neighbors in the tangential plane of the cortex have very similar RF properties, and that similarity declines with increasing distance. The decline in RF similarity with increasing tangential separation has two distinct phases: In the ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... than those from cues that are temporally displaced from one another. However, the present results from studies of cat SC neurons show that this "temporal principle" of multisensory integration is more nuanced than previously thought and reveal that the integration of temporally-displaced sensory res ...
... than those from cues that are temporally displaced from one another. However, the present results from studies of cat SC neurons show that this "temporal principle" of multisensory integration is more nuanced than previously thought and reveal that the integration of temporally-displaced sensory res ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational and behavioural effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Recent research in the fields of behavioural pharmacology, genetics and electrophysiology is providing an ...
... Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational and behavioural effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Recent research in the fields of behavioural pharmacology, genetics and electrophysiology is providing an ...
Author`s personal copy
... the young pups, but after a period of 3–4 days she tolerates their proximity, and then, beginning about 7 days from the time of the initial exposure, she begins to care for them: she builds a nest, retrieves the pups to the nest, licks/grooms the pups, and hovers over them in a nursing posture even ...
... the young pups, but after a period of 3–4 days she tolerates their proximity, and then, beginning about 7 days from the time of the initial exposure, she begins to care for them: she builds a nest, retrieves the pups to the nest, licks/grooms the pups, and hovers over them in a nursing posture even ...
Anatomy and physiology of the esophageal body
... spinal cord and brain). Peripheral sensitization has been reported to be due to upregulation of acidsensing receptors. Acid can activate two proton-gated ion channels: transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 and acid-sensing ion channels, and activation of these channels can cause neurogenic inflam ...
... spinal cord and brain). Peripheral sensitization has been reported to be due to upregulation of acidsensing receptors. Acid can activate two proton-gated ion channels: transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 and acid-sensing ion channels, and activation of these channels can cause neurogenic inflam ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... may take up to 20 minutes. While the anodal stimulation increases the neuronal excitability by depolarizing the cell wall, cathodal stimulation lowers neuronal excitability by hyperpolarizing the cell wall (26). However, since there are many cortical cell types in the brain, the combined effect of t ...
... may take up to 20 minutes. While the anodal stimulation increases the neuronal excitability by depolarizing the cell wall, cathodal stimulation lowers neuronal excitability by hyperpolarizing the cell wall (26). However, since there are many cortical cell types in the brain, the combined effect of t ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... their surface. Many ultrafine primary endings are almost fully surrounded by neural processes and lie in the interior of small glomeruli. Within these glomeruli, eight different kinds of processes surround the primary endings. These include three kinds of dendritic processes, two kinds of axonal end ...
... their surface. Many ultrafine primary endings are almost fully surrounded by neural processes and lie in the interior of small glomeruli. Within these glomeruli, eight different kinds of processes surround the primary endings. These include three kinds of dendritic processes, two kinds of axonal end ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... Arp2/3 complex, which binds F-actin, and nucleates a new filament oriented at 70° to an existing actin filament, and formins, which promote polymerization of long actin filaments in filopodia; (3) capZ, which caps actin barbed ends in the Z-band of muscle cells; (4) tropomodulin, which binds pointed ...
... Arp2/3 complex, which binds F-actin, and nucleates a new filament oriented at 70° to an existing actin filament, and formins, which promote polymerization of long actin filaments in filopodia; (3) capZ, which caps actin barbed ends in the Z-band of muscle cells; (4) tropomodulin, which binds pointed ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson et al., 1996). These neurons are thought to influence eye movements through projections to the s ...
... functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson et al., 1996). These neurons are thought to influence eye movements through projections to the s ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... by Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata on 10/14/10. For personal use only. ...
... by Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata on 10/14/10. For personal use only. ...
Neuronal uptake and propagation of a rare phosphorylated high-molecular-weight tau
... hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)2,3. Cognitive deficits in AD are most closely linked with progression of NFTs in a hierarchical pattern, starting in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and marching throughout the brain during disease progression4,5. Although the preci ...
... hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)2,3. Cognitive deficits in AD are most closely linked with progression of NFTs in a hierarchical pattern, starting in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and marching throughout the brain during disease progression4,5. Although the preci ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... the mammalian brain is divided into areas with distinct tasks. Visual input is preprocessed and then routed to the so-called visual cortex, which consists of several consecutive stages of processing that extract relevant features of the input. Visual cortex areas are functionally distinct from audit ...
... the mammalian brain is divided into areas with distinct tasks. Visual input is preprocessed and then routed to the so-called visual cortex, which consists of several consecutive stages of processing that extract relevant features of the input. Visual cortex areas are functionally distinct from audit ...
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: recent insights The Harvard
... Neuronal and endocrine signals from the gastrointestinal tract involved in sleep regulation Multiple neuronal and endocrine signals have been identified for their direct or indirect roles in integrating sleep and energy balance via feeding mechanisms. Here, we describe the three most recognized pept ...
... Neuronal and endocrine signals from the gastrointestinal tract involved in sleep regulation Multiple neuronal and endocrine signals have been identified for their direct or indirect roles in integrating sleep and energy balance via feeding mechanisms. Here, we describe the three most recognized pept ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... brainstem neuronal activity in addition to the EEG for signs of REM sleep. Although we confirmed Allison and colleagues' observation of no low-voltage EEG during sleep, we found that brainstem neurons exhibited the phasic pattern of activation characteristic of REM sleep while the EEG voltage was el ...
... brainstem neuronal activity in addition to the EEG for signs of REM sleep. Although we confirmed Allison and colleagues' observation of no low-voltage EEG during sleep, we found that brainstem neurons exhibited the phasic pattern of activation characteristic of REM sleep while the EEG voltage was el ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... an ordered differentiation process into three types of neurons: ␣/ neurons, ␣⬘/⬘ neurons, and ␥ neurons (Lee et al., 1999). The cell bodies of these MB neurons are located in the posterior of the brain and project their axons to the anterior region through an axon tract called the peduncle (Fig. 1 ...
... an ordered differentiation process into three types of neurons: ␣/ neurons, ␣⬘/⬘ neurons, and ␥ neurons (Lee et al., 1999). The cell bodies of these MB neurons are located in the posterior of the brain and project their axons to the anterior region through an axon tract called the peduncle (Fig. 1 ...
Test Bank 1
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft ...
Targeting of Monomer/Misfolded SOD1 as a Therapeutic Strategy for
... with SEDI peptide (n ⫽ 10) in CFA, using PBS in CFA (saline-CFA) as negative control (n ⫽ 10), from 6 weeks of age until 5 months of age. Immunization was initiated at 6 weeks of age to determine the effect of removing monomer/misfolded SOD1 on timing of disease onset. Second, immunization at an ear ...
... with SEDI peptide (n ⫽ 10) in CFA, using PBS in CFA (saline-CFA) as negative control (n ⫽ 10), from 6 weeks of age until 5 months of age. Immunization was initiated at 6 weeks of age to determine the effect of removing monomer/misfolded SOD1 on timing of disease onset. Second, immunization at an ear ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... SNS operates under our conscious control, as exemplified by voluntary activities such as getting out of a chair, picking up a ball, walking outside, and throwing the ball for the dog to chase. (We have already seen that some SNS activities, such as swinging the arms while walking, occur at the subco ...
... SNS operates under our conscious control, as exemplified by voluntary activities such as getting out of a chair, picking up a ball, walking outside, and throwing the ball for the dog to chase. (We have already seen that some SNS activities, such as swinging the arms while walking, occur at the subco ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... whom go along with Dement and Kleitman7 and Rechtschaffen and Kales8 who define sleep onset in stage 1 based on criteria of alpha reduction. The most frequently used definition, however, situates it at the first appearance of sleep spindles or K-complexes (stage 2),6,9,10,24–26 probably because this ...
... whom go along with Dement and Kleitman7 and Rechtschaffen and Kales8 who define sleep onset in stage 1 based on criteria of alpha reduction. The most frequently used definition, however, situates it at the first appearance of sleep spindles or K-complexes (stage 2),6,9,10,24–26 probably because this ...
FULL TEXT PDF - Neuroendocrinology Letters
... attention because such work may be considered as providing proxy data for similar investigations conducted upon long extinct species. Indeed, the fossil record reveals little anatomical difference between those hagfish living 300 million years ago and their modern descendants. Accordingly, the hagfi ...
... attention because such work may be considered as providing proxy data for similar investigations conducted upon long extinct species. Indeed, the fossil record reveals little anatomical difference between those hagfish living 300 million years ago and their modern descendants. Accordingly, the hagfi ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... high-acuity region near the fovea. Pursuit has traditionally been viewed as a relatively automatic behavior, driven by visual motion signals and mediated by pathways that connect visual areas in the cerebral cortex to motor regions in the cerebellum. However, recent findings indicate that this view ...
... high-acuity region near the fovea. Pursuit has traditionally been viewed as a relatively automatic behavior, driven by visual motion signals and mediated by pathways that connect visual areas in the cerebral cortex to motor regions in the cerebellum. However, recent findings indicate that this view ...
Five Sources of a Dorsal Root Potential: Their Interactions and
... and presynaptic afferent inhibition has been shown to occur in man after magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex (Iles 1996; Nielsen and Petersen 1994). Orbital cortex in cat, but not monkey, produces DRPs (Abdelmoumene et al. 1970), whereas in the cat under chloralose anesthesia, visual flash (Bes ...
... and presynaptic afferent inhibition has been shown to occur in man after magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex (Iles 1996; Nielsen and Petersen 1994). Orbital cortex in cat, but not monkey, produces DRPs (Abdelmoumene et al. 1970), whereas in the cat under chloralose anesthesia, visual flash (Bes ...
Chapter 9 The Nervous System
... membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impulse (action potential) – The stimulated section of membrane immediately repolarizes, but by that time the depolarization has already triggered the next section of membrane to depo ...
... membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impulse (action potential) – The stimulated section of membrane immediately repolarizes, but by that time the depolarization has already triggered the next section of membrane to depo ...
Chapter 9 The Nervous System
... membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impulse (action potential) – The stimulated section of membrane immediately repolarizes, but by that time the depolarization has already triggered the next section of membrane to depo ...
... membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point; this depolarization is a nerve impulse (action potential) – The stimulated section of membrane immediately repolarizes, but by that time the depolarization has already triggered the next section of membrane to depo ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.