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Digestive System By: Monique Sanchez Mouth The mouth is an opening in which a human or animal eats with. The mouth is also an important to the body because without a mouth you could not eat or drink. The mouth encloses the tongue, teeth, gums, and lips Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube that in humans is about nine inches (23 centimeters) long. If you eat something it will go down your esophagus and down into the stomach to be digested. Stomach The stomach is a muscular organ of the digestive tract it is located between the esophagus and the small intestine. When you eat, food it goes down a tube called the esophagus and into your stomach, where it is stored temporarily, then later digested. As the food arrives, the stomach wall starts its glands working. One type of gland gives off a mucus that lubricates the food. Other glands give off acids which kill any bacteria in the food while still others give off special chemicals, called enzymes, to break down the food into tiny particles. Small Intestine Long, narrow, convoluted tube in which most digestion takes place. The Small Intestine is made up of three sections. The first section is the Duodenum, it connects to the stomach. The second section is the jejunum. The final section is called the ileum and connects to the first part of the Large Intestine. Large Intestine The Large Intestine’s job is to absorb most of the nutrients from what we eat and drink. It is about five feet long or 1.5 meters long. Liver Largest gland in the body, with several lobes. It secretes bile, makes proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and other substances. It regulates blood volume and destroys old red blood cells. The portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver to be processed. Appendix The human appendix, usually 3–4 inches long and less than 0.5 inches wide, has no digestive function. Its muscular walls expel their own mucous secretions or any intestinal contents that enter it. The tissue in the appendix begins to die, and the organ may burst, causing peritonitis. Its symptoms may begin with moderate pain in the upper abdomen, about the navel, or all over the abdomen. Nausea and vomiting may then develop. The pain may shift to the right lower abdomen. Fever is usually present but is seldom high in the early phases. Pancreas The pancreas is a compound gland functioning as both an exocrine (secreting through a duct) and an endocrine (ductless) gland. It continuously secretes pancreatic juice (containing water, bicarbonate, and enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates, fat, and protein) through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum. If more than 80–90% of the pancreas must be removed, the patient will need to take insulin and pancreatic extracts. Gall Bladder Muscular membranous sac under the liver that stores and concentrates bile. Pear-shaped and expandable, it holds about 1.7 fluid oz. Its inner surface absorbs water and inorganic salts from bile, which becomes 5–18 times more concentrated than when it leaves the liver. The gallbladder contracts to discharge bile through the bile duct into the duodenum. Disorders include gallstones and inflammation . Surgical removal of the gallbladder has no serous effects on the body. Enzymes Substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which life's chemical reactions proceed without being altered in the process. Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed to start these reactions; without them, most such reactions would not take place at a useful rate. Because enzymes are not consumed, only tiny amounts of them are needed. Enzymes catalyze all aspects of cell metabolism, including the digestion of food, in which large nutrient molecules (including proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are broken down into smaller molecules; the conservation and transformation of chemical energy; and the construction of cellular materials and components. Bile / Bile Duct Greenish-yellow liver secretion passed to the gallbladder for concentration, storage, or transport into the duodenum for fat digestion. Bile contains bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolyte chemicals that keep it slightly acidic. In the intestine, products of the acids and salts emulsify fat and reduce its surface tension to prepare it for the action of pancreatic and intestinal fat-splitting enzymes. Mucus Phlegm is the mucus which we can cough up from the lungs. In the mouth it mixes with saliva (spit) to become sputum, which is then expectorated: phlegm plus saliva equals sputum, which is commonly studied by doctors to give signs of what is happening in the lungs. Chemical Digestion When initiating the chemical digestion process, the saliva secreted helps in softening the food into semi-solid lump. Salivary amylase enzyme helps in digesting the carbohydrates and mucus. This way the food particles are made finer for swallowing and chemical breakdown in the digestive track. The food thus made into semi solid lump is then pushed through the throat and esophagus, a hollow tube that connects throat and stomach. Absorption The process by which substances are taken into the tissues of organisms is called absorption. It is essential to functions such as digestion, circulation, and respiration. During digestion, valuable nutrients are absorbed across the epithelial lining of the digestive tract. Absorption occurs largely in the small intestine, which has developed a large surface area for this purpose. The walls of the small intestine contain numerous finger-like projections called villi, which are in turn covered by countless microvilli. Different nutrients are absorbed across the gut epithelium in different ways. Mechanical Digestion Mechanical digestion is a process that begins the moment the food particles reach the mouth. The process of taking the food from mouth to the body is called ingestion. The teeth initiates the mechanical digestion by grinding the food and this process is also called as masticating Salivary Amylas Amylase is found in saliva. This form of amylase is also called "ptyalin”. Ptyalin acts on linear α glycosidic linkages, but compound hydrolysis requires an enzyme that acts on branched products. Salivary amylase is inactivated in the stomach by gastric acid. Villi Villi is located in the small intestine. Villi is tiny finger like substances that absorb nutrients from food. Gastric Juices The colorless, watery, acidic digestive fluid that is secreted by various glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach and consists chiefly of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin, and mucin. Duodenum The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. It is located between the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine, or jejunum. After foods mix with stomach acid, they move into the duodenum, where they mix with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas. Absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients begins in the duodenum. Chyme Also known as chymus, it is the liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in anywhere between 40 minutes to a few hours. Bibliography www.Google.com www.Wikepidia.com www.FreeDictionary.com