Download Human Respiration Outline

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Human Respiration Outline
Human Respiration
The
______________ system delivers nutrients produces in the ______________
system to the body cells, where the _______________ combine with ____________ to
release ______________ needed to carry out the life processes of the organism.
The
In
life process responsible for releasing energy from nutrients is _______________.
organisms, ________________ involves an exchange of ___________ between the
organism and its __________________.
Respiration
in humans is ____________, _______________, and _______________.
_______________
respiration occurs ______________ the cells and involves the
exchange of ____________ between the ___________ and the _____________.
________________
respiration takes place when __________ are exchange between
the ____________ and the ____________ cells.
______________
respiration is the ___________ releasing process that takes place
______________ the cells.
Human Respiratory System
The
respiratory system transports __________ between the _____________
environment and the _________________ surfaces where gas exchange occurs.
In
humans, air from the environment moves through a series of _________________
to the ____________, where gas exchange occurs.
Air
first enters the respiratory system through the ___________ and ____________.
From
the ____________, air moves through hollow cavities, called ______________,
to the ____________.
The
nasal passage is lined with ______________ membranes and hair-like structures
called _________.
Air
is filtered by the _________________ where it is moistened and warmed by the
_____________ membranes before it enters the ________________.
The
back of the throat is called the ________________.
Located
A
flap of tissue called the ____________ covers the glottis during _______________.
This
If
in the pharynx is the ____________, which is the _________ to the windpipe.
prevents __________ from entering the glottis and trachea.
food enters the windpipe, _____________ occurs.
The
_________________ (windpipe) transports ________ to the ____________ tubes.
It is kept open by __________ of ______________.
The
trachea is lined with _____________ that beat constantly in one direction.
The
cilia move foreign _______________, such as dust, pollen, and smoke, ________
of the trachea and back to the nasal passages.
The
At
cilia can be damaged by ____________ or ______________________.
the upper end of the trachea is the _____________ (voice box).
The
larynx contains the ______________________.
Different
sounds can be produced in the larynx by _______________ of the cords.
The
pitch of a sound is determined by the amount of _____________ in the cords.
The
trachea divides into ________ bronchial tubes called ______________.
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The
bronchi branch into the ___________.
Bronchial
The
tubes are also lined with ________.
bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called _____________.
The
The
bronchioles are lined with a ____________ membrane.
bronchioles continue to divide, ending in air sacs in the lungs called the _______.
_______
The
exchange takes place at the __________.
alveoli are also called ______________.
They
are moist and thin, and are surrounded by a network of blood _______________.
Breathing
Breathing
is the movement of gases between the ____________ and the _________.
Air
is moved into the lungs by ________ and moved out of the lungs by __________.
The
__________ present in air is brought ________ the body and _____________ is
given off into the air.
Air
moves into and out of the lungs because of the differences in _________________
between the chest __________ and the outside _____________________.
The
lungs have no _______________ tissue to ________ in inhalation or exhalation.
Air
enters and leaves the lungs because of air __________ changes in the chest cavity.
The
____________ changes are caused by the ____________ and _____________ of
the _____________ and _______________________ during inhalation and exhalation.
The ____________ is a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the chest cavity.

When you inhale, the diaphragm moves ___________ and the rib muscles move

__________ and _______________.
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This movement _________ your chest cavity and air is forced _____ your lungs.

When you ________, the diaphragm moves up to its original ________ position and

the ribs move ____, making your chest cavity smaller and forcing air ____ of the lungs.
Breathing Rate
Breathing
rate is affected by foreign particles from smoking or air pollution, and the
_________ (O2), _____________ (CO), and _____________ (CO2) levels in the _____.
The
most important factor in controlling breathing rate is the concentration of
________________ (CO2) in the ____________.
An
____________ in blood CO2 concentration _____________ breathing rate.
When
the blood CO2 level _____________, breathing rate ________________.
_______________
also increases the breathing rate.
Cellular Respiration
_________________
respiration is the energy-releasing process that takes place
_________ living ______ and involves the exchange of ______ between the blood and
tissue fluid and the cells.
During cellular respiration, __________ combines chemically with ________

(glucose) to release ________ (_______ – adenosine triphosphate).
Molecules of carbon dioxide and water are ________ products of this process.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration
In
___________ respiration, _________ is required.
__________
is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water.
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The
chemical energy of the glucose molecule is released and used to make _______.
In __________ respiration, or ______________, oxygen is ________ required.

Glucose is partially broken down into ___________ or alcohol and carbon dioxide, by

yeasts and bacteria.
During prolonged exercise, ____________ cells are using oxygen faster than the

circulatory system can supply it.
In this case, ___________ may build up in the ____________ tissue and is associated

with muscle ____________.
Respiratory System Disorders

Bronchitis
An
inflammation of the lining of the ___________________.
The
bronchioles secrete _____ much _________ and become small and irritated.
Respiratory
______ cannot clear the passages of the mucus and particles that
clog them.
Affected
persons are short of _________ and often cough up _________.
Asthma may be caused by:

•___________:
House dust, dust mites, mold spores, pollen and animal dander
•___________:
The common cold, influenza, sinusitis and bronchitis
•___________:
Air pollution, smoke, car fumes, perfume, paint odors and cold air
•___________:
Weather changes, exercise, GE reflex, stress and emotions
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During
an ___________ attack, the bronchial tubes ________, this prevents
________ from entering the lungs. The person may begin to have a dry _______
and chest tightness followed by _____________.
Treatments
include oral and inhaled ________, albuterol, and other medications
to prevent and control an asthma attack.

Emphysema
A
lung disease in which the ______________ become large and break down.
The
A
lungs become less _______ and the amount of air they can hold ________.
person with emphysema experiences shortness of ________ with the slightest
activity.
There
is no cure for emphysema, but life can be prolonged with proper
treatment.
____________

Lung Cancer
Is
an uncontrollable growth of _________ in the ______.
There

is one cause of emphysema.
is a proven relationship between lung ______ and cigarette ___________.
Pneumonia
Is
an __________ of the lungs that is caused by a ___________ or _________.
The
alveoli of the lungs fill with _________ preventing proper exchange of
gases and making breathing difficult.
Some
types of pneumonia are treated with ________________.
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Human Respiration Outline - Teacher Guide (Key)
© Lisa Michalek
Human Respiration
 The transport system delivers nutrients produces in the digestive system to the body
cells, where the nutrients combine with oxygen to release energy needed to carry out the
life processes of the organism.
 The life process responsible for releasing energy from nutrients is respiration.
 In organisms, respiration involves an exchange of gasses between the organism and its
environment.
 Respiration in humans is external, internal, and cellular.
 External respiration occurs outside the cells and involves the exchange of gases
between the lungs and the blood.
 Internal respiration takes place when gases are exchange between the blood and the
body cells.
 Cellular respiration is the energy releasing process that takes place inside the cells.
 The respiratory system transports gases between the external environment and the
internal surfaces where gas exchange occurs.
 In humans, air from the environment moves through a series of passageways to the
lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
 Air first enters the respiratory system through the nostrils and mouth.
 From the nostrils, air moves through hollow cavities, called nasal passages, to the
throat.
 The nasal passage is lined with mucous membranes and hair-like structures called cilia.
 Air is filtered by the cilia where it is moistened and warmed by the mucous membranes
before it enters the pharynx.
 The back of the throat is called the pharynx.
 Located in the pharynx is the glottis, which is the opening to the windpipe.
 A flap of tissue called the epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing.
 This prevents food from entering the glottis and trachea.
 If food enters the windpipe, choking occurs.
 The trachea (windpipe) transports air to the bronchial tubes. It is kept open by rings of
cartilage.
 The trachea is lined with cilia that beat constantly in one direction.
 The cilia move foreign material, such as dust, pollen, and smoke, out of the trachea and
back to the nasal passages.
 The cilia can be damaged by smoking or air pollution.
 At the upper end of the trachea is the larynx (voice box).
 The larynx contains the vocal cords.
 Different sounds can be produced in the larynx by vibration of the cords.
 The pitch of a sound is determined by the amount of tension in the cords.
 The trachea divides into two bronchial tubes called bronchi.
 The bronchi branch into the lungs.
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




 Bronchial tubes are also lined with cilia.
The bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
 The bronchioles are lined with a mucous membrane.
The bronchioles continue to divide, ending in air sacs in the lungs called the alveoli.
Gas exchange takes place at the alveoli.
The alveoli are also called air sacs.
They are moist and thin, and are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries.
Breathing
 Breathing is the movement of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs.
 Air is moved into the lungs by inhalation and moved out of the lungs by exhalation.
 The oxygen present in air is brought into the body and carbon dioxide is given off into
the air.
 Air moves into and out of the lungs because of the differences in air pressure between
the chest cavity and the outside environment.
 The lungs have no muscle tissue to help in inhalation or exhalation.
 Air enters and leaves the lungs because of air pressure changes in the chest cavity.
 The pressure changes are caused by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and
rib muscles during inhalation and exhalation.
 The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the chest cavity.
 When you inhale, the diaphragm moves down and the rib muscles move upward and
outward.
 This movement enlarges your chest cavity, and air is forced into your lungs.
 When you exhale, the diaphragm moves up to its original curved position and the ribs
move in, making your chest cavity smaller and forcing air out of the lungs.
Breathing Rate
 Breathing rate is affected by foreign particles from smoking or air pollution, and the
oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood.
 The most important factor in controlling breathing rate is the concentration of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the blood.
 An increase in blood CO2 concentration increases breathing rate.
 When the blood CO2 level decreases, breathing rate decreases.
 Exercise also increases the breathing rate.
Cellular Respiration
 Cellular respiration is the energy-releasing process that takes place inside living cells
and involves the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid and the cells.
 During cellular respiration, oxygen combines chemically with sugar (glucose) to release
energy (ATP – adenosine triphosphate).
 Molecules of carbon dioxide and water are waste products of this process.
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
 In aerobic respiration, oxygen is required.
 Glucose is broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water.
 The chemical energy of the glucose molecule is released and used to make ATP.
Anaerobic Cellular Reparation
 In anaerobic respiration, or fermentation, oxygen is not required.
 Glucose is partially broken down into lactic acid or alcohol and carbon dioxide, by
yeasts and bacteria.
 During prolonged exercise, muscle cells are using oxygen faster than the circulatory
system can supply it.
 In this case, lactic acid may build up in the muscle tissue and is associated with muscle
fatigue.
Respiratory System Disorders
 Bronchitis
 An inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes.
 The bronchioles secrete too much mucus and become small and irritated.
 Respiratory cilia cannot clear the passages of the mucus and particles that clog
them.
 Affected persons are short of breath and often cough up mucus.
 Asthma may be caused by:
• Allergens: House dust, dust mites, mold spores, pollen and animal dander
• Bacterial and Viral Infections: The common cold, influenza, sinusitis and
bronchitis
• Irritants: Air pollution, smoke, car fumes, perfume, paint odors and cold air
• Other: Weather changes, exercise, GE reflex, stress and emotions.
 During an asthma attack, the bronchial tubes narrow, which prevents oxygen
from entering the lungs. The person may begin to have a dry cough and chest
tightness followed by wheezing.
 Treatments include oral and inhaled steroids, albuterol, and other medications
to prevent and control an asthma attack.
 Emphysema
 A lung disease in which the alveoli become large and break down.
 The lungs become less elastic and the amount of air they can hold decreases.
 A person with emphysema experiences shortness of breath with the slightest
activity.
 There is no cure for emphysema, but life can be prolonged with proper treatment.
 Smoking is one cause of emphysema.
 Lung Cancer
 Is an uncontrollable growth of tumors in the lungs.
 There is a proven relationship between lung cancer and cigarette smoking.
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 Pneumonia
 Is an infection of the lungs that is caused by a bacteria or virus.
 The alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid preventing proper exchange of gases and
making breathing difficult.
 Some types of pneumonia are treated with antibiotics.
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