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Digestive (GI) System Flashcards 1. What are the two kinds of digestion? Mechanical Chemical Submucosa 2. Which layer of the digestive tube contains lots of elastic fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels? 3. The hepatic portal system has two distinct The first picks up nutrients and the second delivers capillary beds separated by a portal vein. The these nutrients to liver cells. functions of these two capillary beds are what? 4. Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in Vitamin B12 order to be absorbed? 5. What are the three main characteristics of the 1) It reabsorbs much of the water and salts large intestine? 2) It contains the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. 3) It contains abundant bacteria. 6. What are the three main characteristics of the It is the site of nutrient absorption small intestine? It breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals. 7. Where does food first encounter proteinStomach splitting enzymes? 8. What is the function of the gallbladder? Storage (not secretion!) of bile 9. Secretin W hen the acidic contents of the stomach enter the normally alkaline duodenum, what hormone is released that causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate? 10. What is the semi-fluid paste called that is a Chyme result of the food in the stomach being repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric juice? 11. What are four characteristics of the 1) It receives chyme from the stomach. duodenum? 2) It is within the body cavity with the ileum or jejunum (not retroperitoneal). 3) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum. 4) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions. 12. What are the five the primary functions of 1. Store Food, so it can be slowly released into a the stomach? small intestine. 2. Churns food into a paste (chime) by mechanical means 3. Kill bacteria. 4. Starts digestion of proteins. 5. Some absorption of water, alcohol 13. Does it dehydrate food materials before No passing them to the small intestine? 14. Does it store food for later use in the form of No fat? Digestive (GI) System Flashcards 15. What is the terminal portion of the small intestine called? 16. Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another? 17. Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called what? 18. What is the only role of the levator ani muscle in defecation? 19. hat is the correct sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external? 20. What is the digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water? 21. Why are bacteria are abundant in the large intestines, but not in the small intestines or the stomach? 22. What is the only function of the greater omentum? 23. The epithelium that lines the stomach and intestines is simple columnar. What are the basic functions of this epithelium? 24. Digestion of what food type would be affected the most if the bile—secreting liver were severely damaged? 25. What are three functions of the liver? 26. Does the liver produce digestive enzymes? 27. What cells secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes which kill bacteria in the stomach? 28. What stomach cells secrete an enzyme to digest protein? 29. Gums are also known as what? 30. What is the major cause of tooth loss? 31. What is a rhythmic contraction to push something along by smooth muscle contraction? Ileum muscularis externa Absorption It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the feces. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa W Large intestine Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach, and the Ileocecal valve prevents the bacteria in the large intestines from migrating up into the small intestines. Stores fat secretion and absorption Lipids 1) detoxification of poisons 2) picking up and processing of nutrients from the portal blood 3) storage of some vitamins Just lipase to digest fats. Protein digesting enzymes are made by the stomach and pancreas only. PARIETAL CELLS CHIEF CELLS Gingiva Periodontitis, which is when the gums pull away from the tooth and the bacteria extends down to the periodontal ligament and erode it. Peristalsis Digestive (GI) System Flashcards 32. The parietal cells in the stomach secrete a substance called? Intrinsic factor. 33. What vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? Vitamin B12 34. This is where most digesting and absorption of food takes place. 35. What organ is an endocrine gland, and a digestive gland, and makes most of the digestive enzymes? 36. What makes bicarbonate to increase the pH (decrease the acidity) of the chyme coming from the stomach. 37. What hormone tells the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate? 38. Its function is to absorb breakdown products of fat Small Intestine. 39. Its an autoimmune disease of the GI tract, and commonly affects the small intestine. It is usually caused by genetics, and commonly occurs to males in their 20’s 40. Genetic autoimmune disorder of the small intestine, causing chronic diarrhea when the person is allergic to gluten. 41. What is steatorrhea? 42. How do you get intestinal gas? 43. a disease which attacks the large intestine, preventing water absorption, and can be fatal in 24-48 hours. 44. Regions of the Large Intestine 45. This is a lymph node below the cecum and is a lymph node, and contains E Coli 46. An intermittent disease, the main symptom is constant diarrhea mixed with blood, of gradual onset. Colectomy (partial or total removal of the large bowel through surgery) is occasionally necessary, and is considered to be a cure. Pancreas Pancreas Secretin Lacteals (a lymph vessel inside a small intestine villus) Crohns Disease. Celiac disease (sprue) having pale, loose and greasy stools When there are certain carbohydrates that are not digested, and are instead eaten by bacteria in the intestine. The bacteria produce the gas Cholera Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus Appendix Ulcerative Colitis Digestive (GI) System Flashcards 47. Symptoms of this are chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any detectable organic cause. May manifest as diarrhea or constipation or may alternate between the two 48. What is an accurate test for colon cancer? 49. Varicose veins in the rectum. 50. This is the largest internal organ of the body, located on the right side, below the diaphragm, and extends below the costal margin (can palpate). It has many functions and is the most complex organ except the brain, and as over 500 known functions. 51. What is the functional unit of the liver? 52. Function of Hepatocytes (liver cells) 53. What are Kupffer Cells? 54. What is Hepatitis? 55. Why is it that liver transplant patients and donors end up successful? 56. Congenital condition in which the major visceral organs in the thorax and abdomen are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) Colonoscopy Hemorrhoids The Liver Liver Lobule Detox of poisons, picking up and processing of nutrients from the portal blood, and storage of some vitamins. They are macrophages in the liver. Infection of the liver. Because the liver is able to regenerate Situs Inversus