Download Earth Science Final Exam Study Guide

Earth and Space Science Final Exam Study Guide
Final Exam Date: 12/14/12
Name:______________________________
1. Identify and illustrate the four branches of Earth and Space Science.
Earth’s Layers and Plate Tectonics:
2. Complete the table below on the four layers of the earth.
Layers of the Earth
Description
Thickness (km)
3. a. What are convection currents?
b. Where do convection currents occur?
4. Distinguish between the two types of crust.
5. The crust is broken into a variety of separate ___________.
6. What causes the plates to move?
7. What is plate tectonics?
8. Scientist proposed that at one time all the continents were together in what they called a supercontinent or
__________?
9. a. What is the continental drift theory?
b. Who proposed the continental drift theory?
c. What evidence did he observe that proved that continents might be moving?
10. Why was the continental drift theory not accepted by some scientist at that time?
11. a. Who provided direct evidence that the plates were moving?
b. What evidence did he observe to prove plates were moving?
12. c. Where was this located?
13. Explain and draw a diagram of seafloor spreading.
14. On the diagram above, identify the oldest section and newest section of rock.
15. What does it mean to form a plate boundary?
16. Complete the table below on types of plate boundaries.
Types of Plate Boundaries
Description and
What can be created at
Specific Example
Illustration
this boundary?
Convergent
Divergent
Transform
17. a. Explain the three types of convergent boundaries
b. What can be created at each convergent boundary?
18. Is the Atlantic Ocean growing or shrinking? Explain why.
19. Is the Pacific Ocean growing or shrinking? Explain why.
20. What happens at most transform boundaries?
Earthquakes and Volcanoes:
21. What is seismology?
22. A scientist that studies earthquakes?
23. The result of stress in earth’s crust that leads to movement and changes in the crust is called an______?
24. The point on Earth’s interior where energy is released to trigger an earthquake is called_____?
25. The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called________?
26. What instrument is used to study earthquakes?
27. What is the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Index Scale.
28. What is the difference between intensity and magnitude?
29. Rocks that break due to stress are either identified as fractures or faults. Which break is most important to
scientists that study earthquakes?
30. a)Define each type of stress below, b) the KIND of fault that results from the stress, and c) the plate boundary
that experiences the stress.
31. Draw a fault, illustrating the difference between the footwall and the hang wall. Make sure you can identify
each type of fault (reverse, normal, and strike-slip).
32. Identify and distinguish between S-waves, P-waves, and surface waves.
33. a. What is a focus depth?
b. T or F A shallow focus depth will cause more damage than a deep focus depth.
34. A seismic sea wave, triggered by an earthquake, that can cause much damage.
35. According to your seismic activity map, where do most earthquakes commonly occur?
36. What kind of safety procedures should be followed during and after an earthquake?
37. What is a volcano?
38. Who studies volcanoes?
39. Identify the six steps that occur when a volcano erupts.
40. Label the parts of the volcano.
41. Identify each type of volcano below and then fill in the chart about each type of volcano.
Type of Volcano
Type of Lava
Shape of Volcano
Cone
Violent or Quiet Eruption
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
42. What is tephra?
44. a. What is the difference between granitic magma and basaltic magma?
b. Which type of magma is under the continental crust and which is under the oceanic crust?
c. Which kind of lava comes from basaltic magma? Granitic magma? Explain why?
d. What type of magma produces the strongest eruptions? Weakest? Explain.
45. a. Identify the three locations where scientists detect volcanic activity.
b. Give an example for each location.
c. Which location do you think produces the most volcanic activity?
46. a. Explain how a hot spot creates a chain of volcanoes/islands?
b. An island that is closer to a hot spot is (younger or older) than one farther
away?
47. What is the belt of volcanoes called around the Pacific Ocean?
48. What famous volcano is located in Washington State?
49. What natural event can cause a volcanic eruption?
50. Explain the difference between an active, dormant, and extinct volcano.
Minerals and Rocks:
51. What four characteristics do all minerals have?
52. What do inorganic minerals NOT contain?
53. Identify and explain the difference between the two main classes of minerals?
53.Are silicates or non-silicates more common in Earth’s crust?
54. Determine if the following are minerals and what class they belong:
Example
Mineral (Yes or NO)
Silicate, Non-silicate, neither
Gold (Au)
Quartz (SiO2)
Limestone (CaCO3)
55. T or F The chemical make-up of a rock primarily determines if it is classified as a
mineral.
56. Why are quartz and feldspar important minerals?
57. What are native elements?
58. What does streak tell about a mineral?
59. What is luster?
60. Are cleavage and fracture the same? Explain.
61. What is fluorescence?
62. What is refraction?
63. a. What is density?
b. What would the density of an unknown mineral be if has a mass of 25 grams and a
volume of 3.5 cm3?
c. What would its specific gravity be?
64. If a mineral is magnetic, which element does it probably contain?
65. What is hardness?
66. Explain how Mohs Hardness Table is useful to mineralogist.
67. Which mineral is the softest on Moh’s table?
68. Which mineral is the hardest on Moh’s table?
69. Which characteristic of a mineral do you think is the least reliable in identification?
70. How many known minerals are there?
71. List five applications of minerals.
72. What is a rock?
73. Complete the table on classes of rocks.
Class of Rock Description
Example
igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic
74. What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
75. How does the speed of cooling affect crystal size of igneous rocks?
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
What are the two ways in which sedimentary rock can form?
Type of rock that often contains fossils.
Type of rock that comes from a Latin word for fire.
Type of rock that covers 75% of earth’s surface.
Type of rock composed entirely of feldspar, mica and quartz.
The most common sedimentary rock.
Type of rock that forms from heat and pressure.
What are the layers of sedimentary rock called?
Rocks changing and being recycled into other rock is called?
Can a metamorphic rock form from older metamorphic rock?
Explain how igneous rock could turn into sedimentary rock.
Universe:
87. The study of the universe’s origin, nature, and evolution is called?
88. What is the difference between the heliocentric model and the geocentric model of the
universe?
89. Who proved that the sun was the center of our solar system?
90. What is electromagnetic radiation?
91. What objects in space emit electromagnetic radiation and which objects reflect it to
Earth?
92. Distinguish between the refractive telescope and the reflective telescope. (Review
telescope hand-out)
93. What limits light particles from being collected by ground telescopes?
94. Identify as either a space telescope or space craft used to better understand aspects of
our universe:
a. James Webb
b. Voyager I
c. Curiosity
d. Hubble
95. Who discovered other galaxies and the direction galaxies are moving in our universe?
96. Identify and illustrate the three types of galaxies.(Review galaxy hand-out)
97. Which type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
98. a.What is the expansion theory?
b. How does the Doppler Effect prove the expansion theory?
100. a. What is the Big Bang Theory?
b. Who proposed the Big Bang Theory?
c. What two theories did he use to justify the Big Bang Theory?
d. What is the “cosmic egg” ?
101. Approximately how old is our universe?
102. What are three ways in which stars are classified?
103. Describe the life cycle of our sun.
104. Our sun is in what stage of its life cycle?
105. Which two elements make-up most of the mass of the Sun?
106. Our sun generates energy by fusing what kind of atoms together?
107. What is the difference between absolute and apparent magnitude?