Download CHAPTER 8

WH2: Study
Guide Prologue through 2001
Students are responsible for all topics and vocabulary listed below. The WHII code before each subject line refers
to the corresponding learning standard in the Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Frameworks.
PROLOGUE
(Handout pages 412-437)
THE GROWTH OF THE NATION STATE IN EUROPE
WHII.1 Describe the growing consolidation of political power in Europe from 1500 to 1800 as
manifested in the rise of nation states ruled by monarchs.
A. the rise of the French monarchy, including the policies and influence of Louis XIV (Pro.2)
B. the Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia (Pro.4)
C. the growing power of Russian tsars, including the attempts at Westernization by Peter the
Great, the growth of serfdom, and Russia’s rise as an important force in Eastern Europe and Asia
(Pro.5)
D. the rise of Prussia (Pro.4)
E. Poland and Sweden (Not in text)
WHII.2 Explain why England was the main exception to the growth of absolutism in royal power in
Europe.
A. the causes and essential events of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688
(Pro.3)
B. the effect of the Glorious Revolution on the development of constitutional government and
liberty in England, including the importance of the English Bill of Rights and how it limited the
power of the monarch to act without the consent of Parliament (Pro.3)
How does the following primary source material relate to the topics listed above?
 John Milton, Areopagitica (1644) - http://www.bartleby.com/3/3/2.html
CHAPTER 1
WHII.5 Identify the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
C. the influence of the ideas of Adam Smith (1.1)
How does the following primary source material relate to the topics listed above?
 John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) http://www.constitution.org/jl/2ndtreat.htm
 Charles de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/montesquieu-spirit.html
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality (1755)
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/RouMank.html
 Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) - http://www.bartleby.com/144/
 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man (1791) - http://www.ushistory.org/Paine/rights/
 Edmund Burke, “On Election to Parliament” speech (1766)
http://corematerials.homestead.com/18_On_Election_to_Parliament_Burkeabridged.pdf
CHAPTER 2
WHII.3 Summarize the important causes and events of the French Revolution.
Causes:
A. the effect of Enlightenment political thought
B. the influence of the American Revolution
C. economic troubles and the rising influence of the middle class
D. government corruption and incompetence
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Events:
A. the role of the Estates General and the National Assembly
B. the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789
C. the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
D. the execution of Louis XVI in 1793
E. the Terror
F. the rise and fall of Napoleon
G. the Congress of Vienna
WHII.4 Summarize the major effects of the French Revolution.
A. its contribution to modern nationalism and its relationship to totalitarianism
B. the abolition of theocratic absolutism in France
C. the abolition of remaining feudal restrictions and obligations
D. its support for ideas of popular sovereignty, religious tolerance, and legal equality
How does the following primary source material relate to the topics listed above?
 National Assembly of France, “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” (1789)
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/rightsof.htm
 Thomas Paine, Rights of Man (1791) - http://www.ushistory.org/Paine/rights/
CHAPTER 3
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE IN EUROPE, 1800-1914
WHII.5 Identify the causes of the Industrial Revolution.
A. the rise in agricultural productivity
B. transportation improvements such as canals and railroads
C. the influence of the ideas of Adam Smith
D. new sources of energy such as coal and technological innovations such as the steam engine
WHII.6 Summarize the social and economic impact of the Industrial Revolution.
A. the vast increases in productivity and wealth
B. population and urban growth
C. the growth of a middle class
D. problems caused by urbanization and harsh working conditions
WHII.7 Describe the rise of unions and socialism, including the ideas and influence of Robert Owen and
Karl Marx.
CHAPTER 4
WHII.9 Explain the impact of various social and political reforms and reform movements in Europe.
A. liberalism
WHII.16 Identify the major developments of Latin American history to the early 20th century.
A. the wars for independence, including the influence and ideas of Simon Bolivar, Jose de San
Martin, and the American and French Revolutions
B. economic and social stratification
C. the role of the church
D. the importance of trade
CHAPTER 5
WHII.8 Describe the rise and significance of antislavery sentiment in Britain, (including the abolition of
the slave trade by the British Parliament in 1807, and the role of various antislavery societies. [see also c7])
CHAPTER 6
WHII.10 Summarize the causes, course, and consequences of the unification of Italy and Germany.
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A. Germany’s replacement of France as the dominant power in continental Europe
B. the role of Cavour and Bismarck in the unification of Italy and Germany
CHAPTER 7
WHII.8 Describe the rise and significance of antislavery sentiment in Britain, including the abolition of
the slave trade by the British Parliament in 1807, the abolition of slavery within the British Empire in
1833, and the role of various antislavery societies.
WHII.9 Explain the impact of various social and political reforms and reform movements in Europe.
B. child labor laws, and social legislation such as old age pensions and health and unemployment
insurance
C. the expansion of voting rights
Primary Documents for Chapters 4 through 7
Relate the following primary source documents to the topics and concepts listed above
 Benjamin Constant, “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared With that of the Moderns” (1819)
http://www.uark.edu/depts/comminfo/cambridge/ancients.html

Thomas Macaulay, “Jewish Disabilities,” speech (1833).
(do a “find” on this page to get to the beginning)
http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Miscellaneous-Writings-and-Speeches-ofx31292.html continues at
http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Miscellaneous-Writings-and-Speeches-ofx31293.html

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859) http://www.bartleby.com/130/
CHAPTER 8
WHII.11 Describe the causes of 19th century European imperialism.
A. the desire for economic gain and resources
B. the missionary impulse and the search for strategic advantage and national pride
WHII.15 Identify major developments of African history in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
A. Africa’s interaction with imperialism
B. agricultural changes improvements and new patterns of employment
C. the origins of African nationalism
WHII.18 Summarize the major events and consequences of World War I.
E. the Armenian genocide in Turkey
WHII.12 Identify major developments in Indian history in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
A. the economic and political relationship between India and Britain
B. the building of roads, canals, railroads, and universities
WHII.13 Identify major developments in Chinese history in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
A. China’s explosive population growth between 1750 and 1850
B. Decline of the Manchu dynasty beginning in the late 18th century
C. Growing Western influence
D. The Opium War
E. The Taiping rebellion from 1850 to 1864
F. The Boxer Rebellion
G. Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) and the 1911 nationalist revolution
CHAPTER 9
WHII.14 Identify major developments in Japanese history in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
A. the Meiji Restoration
B. the abolition of feudalism
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C. the borrowing and adaptation of western technology and industrial growth
D. Japan’s growing role in international affairs
WHII.16 Identify the major developments of Latin American history to the early 20th century.
E. the growing influence of the United States as demonstrated by the Spanish American War and the
building of the Panama Canal
CHAPTER 10
WHII.17 Describe the relative importance of economic and imperial competition, Balkan nationalism,
German militarism and aggression, and the power vacuum in Europe due to the declining power of the
Russian, Austrian, and Ottoman Empires in causing World War I.
WHII.18 Summarize the major events and consequences of World War I.
A. physical and economic destruction
B. the League of Nations and attempts at disarmament
C. the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and the subsequent Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War in
Russia
D. post-war economic and political instability in Germany
E. the Armenian genocide in Turkey
F. the unprecedented loss of life from prolonged trench warfare
CHAPTER 11
WHII.18 Summarize the major events and consequences of World War I.
C. the collapse of the Romanov dynasty and the subsequent Bolshevik Revolution and Civil War in
Russia
WHII.21 Describe the rise and goals of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union and analyze the policies and
ideas of Lenin and Stalin.
WHII.22 Summarize the consequences of Soviet communism to 1945.
A. the establishment of a one-party dictatorship under Lenin
B. the suffering in the Soviet Union caused by Stalin’s policies of collectivization of agriculture and
breakneck industrialization
C. the destruction of individual rights and the use of mass terror against the population, the use of
terror against internal enemies, and the destruction of individual rights
D. the Soviet Union’s emergence as an industrial power
CHAPTER 12
WHII.16 Identify the major developments of Latin American history to the early 20th century.
F. the Mexican Revolution
WHII.19 Identify the major developments in the Middle East and Central Asia before World War II.
A. the end of the Ottoman Empire
B. the Balfour Declaration of 1917
C. the expulsion of the Greeks from Asia Minor
D. the establishment of a secular Turkish state under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
E. the establishment of the Kingdom of Transjordan in the eastern part of the Palestine Mandate by
the British
F. the growing importance of Middle Eastern oil fields to world politics and the world economy
WHII.12 Identify major developments in Indian history in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
A. the economic and political relationship between India and Britain
C. the rise of Indian nationalism and the influence and ideas of Gandhi
WHII.23 Describe the German, Italian, and Japanese drives for empire in the 1930s.
B. the Japanese invasion of China and the Rape of Nanking
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CHAPTER 13
WHII.20 Describe the various causes and consequences of the global depression of the 1930s, and
analyze how governments responded to the Great Depression. (Chapter 13 Section 1)
A. restrictive monetary policies (pp.348-353 c13s1)
B. unemployment and inflation (pp.348-353 c13s1)
C. political instability (pp.348-353 c13s1)
D. the influence of the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek,
and Milton Friedman (related pp.348-353 c13s1)
WHII.21 Describe the rise and goals of totalitarianism in Italy and analyze the policies and ideas of
Mussolini (pp.358-361 c13s3). Describe the rise and goals of totalitarianism in Germany and analyze the
policies and ideas of Hitler (pp.362-367 c13s4).
WHII.43 Identify the sources of ethnic and religious conflicts in the following nations and regions. (H)
A. Northern Ireland (p. 439 part of c16s2) [1970s] also (p. 351 c13s1) [1922]
Primary Documents for Chapter 13
Relate the following primary source documents to the topics and concepts listed above
15. W.H. Auden, “September 1, 1939,” poem.
CHAPTER 14
WHII.23 Describe the German, Italian, and Japanese drives for empire in the 1930s. (Chapters 12 & 14)
A. Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 (p.372 c14s1)
C. Germany’s militarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and aggression against
Czechoslovakia, the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939, and the German attack on Poland (pp.372-377
c14s1)
WHII.24 Summarize the key battles and events of World War II. (H) (Chapter 14)
A. The German conquest of continental Europe (pp.377-381 c14s2)
B. The Battle of Britain (p.379 c14s2)
C. Pearl Harbor (pp.381-382 c14s2)
D. The Bataan Death March (related p.382 c14s2)
E. El Alamein (p.387 c14s3)
F. Midway (p.388 c14s4)
G. Stalingrad (p.387 c14s3)
H. D-Day (pp.387-388 c14s3)
I. Battle of the Bulge (p.390 c14s4)
J. Iwo Jima (p.390 c14s4)
K. Okinawa (p.390 c14s4)
WHII.25 Identify the goals, leadership, and post-war plans of the allied leaders.
A. Winston Churchill
B. Franklin D. Roosevelt
C. Joseph Stalin
WHII.26 Describe the background, course, and consequences of the Holocaust, including its roots in the
long tradition of Christian anti-Semitism, 19th century ideas about race and nation, and Nazi
dehumanization of the Jews.
WHII.27 Explain the reasons for the dropping of atom bombs on Japan and its short and long-term
effects.
WHII.28 Explain the consequences of World War II.
A. physical and economic destruction
B. the enormous loss of life, including millions of civilians through the bombing of population
centers and the slaughter of political opponents and ethnic minorities
C. support in Europe for political reform and decolonization
D. the emergence of the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world’s two superpowers
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WHII.29 Describe reasons for the establishment of the United Nations in 1945 and summarize the main
ideas of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
WHII.30 Summarize the factors that contributed to the Cold War, including Soviet expansion in Eastern
Europe and the differences between democracy and communism.
WHII.31 Describe the policy of containment, including the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and
NATO, as America’s response to Soviet expansionist policies.
15. W.H. Auden, “September 1, 1939,” poem.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7519773#7519760
16. George Orwell, “England Your England,” essay (1941)
http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/O/OrwellGeorge/essay/England/england.html
17. Winston Churchill’s “The Iron Curtain” speech (1946)
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/churchill-iron.html
18. United Nations, “International Declaration of Human Rights” (1948)
http://www.amnestyusa.org/What_We_Fight_For/The_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights/page.do
?id=1031003&n1=2&n2=769&n3=770
*************************************************************************************
WH2 Review Questions – 1940s
& 1950s
SECTION 1
Korea (WHII.32.A)
1. What was the main issue behind the Korean War? Why did North Korea invade South Korea?
2. What was the underlying issue behind the Korean War? Why were two other countries funding the
hostilities?
3. What part did Douglas MacArthur, Syngman Rhee, Harry Truman, and Kim Il Sung play in the Korean
conflict?
4. What were the dates of the Korean War?
5. Locate North and South Korea on a world map. (See reverse side)
6. How was the Korean War a key event in the Cold War? How did it contribute to the arms race?
Hungary, 1956 (WHII.32.C)
7. Who were Imre Nagy and Nikita Khrushchev? What part did each man play in the 1956 uprising in
Hungary?
8. What was the outcome of the 1956 uprising in Hungary? How were Western powers involved? Why did
Western powers react that way? Locate Hungary on the world map.
9. How did the 1956 uprising in Hungary contribute to Cold War hostilities and further encourage the arms
race?
1950s Economics
10. Describe the living standards in the modern Western countries in the 1950s. What brought about these
improvements? What were the consequences? (WHII.35.A)
11. Explain how the various factors listed below contributed to post-World War II economic and population
growth.
A. the long post-war peace between democratic nations
B. the policies of international economic organizations
C. scientific, technological, and medical advances (WHII.36)
12. Who or what was responsible for the economic recovery of Germany and Japan? Which part of one of
these countries did not benefit from the recovery? Why not? (WHII.35.B)
China
13. Who were Chiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) and Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)? What part did they play in
the Chinese Civil War? (WHII.33)
14. How might the events of the Chinese Civil War have led to the Korean War and the Vietnam Conflict?
(WHII.33)
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15. Why was 1949 an important date in China? (WHII.33)
16. Describe the political policies of Mao Tse-tung and the Communist party in China. (WHII.34)
17. What was the Great Leap Forward? How did it impact China? How did it result in both political and
economic upheaval? (WHII.34.B)
18. How did the Chinese Communist Party attempt to eliminate internal opposition after the Chinese
Revolution? (WHII.34.A)
19. How was the emergence of the People’s Republic of China a key Cold War event? How did it contribute to
the arms race? (WHII.32.B)
Cuba
20. How did the United States view Latin American reform movements in the 1950s? How was the United
States involved in the 1959 revolution in Cuba? Why does the U.S. share responsibility for the revolution?
(WHII.38)
21. Who were Fidel Castro and Fulgencio Batista? What was each man’s impact on Cuban politics?
22. How were conflicts with Cuba related to the Cold War? How did these conflicts contribute to the arms
race? (WHII.32.E)
23. What nationalist goals or ideas helped Fidel Castro to gain and retain power? (WHII.38.A)
24. Locate Cuba on the world map.
SECTION 2
Vietnam
25. Although the United States was not fully engaged in the Vietnam War until the 1960s, it did play a part in
the earlier conflict there. What was Vietnam called in the 1950s? What country occupied Vietnam in the
1950s?
26. What name is typically given to the first Vietnam War? Who did the United States support in this conflict?
Why? What kind of support did the U.S. provide?
27. When, and under what circumstances, did the U.S. ally in Vietnam withdraw?
28. Who was Ho Chi Minh? How did he come to power in Vietnam? What nationalist ideas helped to bring Ho
Chi Minh to power and what kept him there? (WHII.38.C)
29. What role did Ho Chi Minh play in the early Vietnam conflict?
30. How is U.S. involvement in Vietnam related to the Cold War and the arms race? (WHII.32.F)
31. Locate Vietnam on the world map.
Creation of the Jewish State
32.
33.
34.
35.
What role did ant-Semitism and the Holocaust play in the creation of a Jewish state in Israel? (WHII.39.B)
What is Zionism? Why would it have grown with the creation of a Jewish state? (WHII.39.A )
Why would Eastern European Jews immigrate to Palestine? (WHII.39.A)
Describe the impact of the U.N. vote in 1947 to partition the western part of the Palestine Mandate into two
independent countries. Locate Israel and Palestine on the world map. (WHII.39.C)
36. How did the establishment of a modern Jewish state in 1948 lead to military and political conflicts between
Israel and the Arab world? How is it related to the U.N. vote in 1947 to partition the western part of the
Palestine Mandate into two independent countries? Describe the rejection of the decision by surrounding
Arab countries and the invasion of Israel by Arab countries (WHII.39.C&D)
37. Describe U.S.-Soviet competition in the Middle East. How and why were both countries involved? What
did each hope to accomplish? (WHII32.D)
Soviet Union & Africa
38. Describe the weaknesses of the Soviet command economy. How might these weaknesses eventually lead to
the collapse of the Soviet Union? (WHII.40.A)
39. What event in the 1950s brought about ethnic and religious conflict in the African country of Sudan?
Locate Sudan on the world map. (WHII.43.C)
40. How did the involvement of the Belgians and the Catholic Church in Rwanda lead to ethnic violence?
Locate Rwanda on the world map. (WHII.43.C)
Argentina (WHII.32.F)
41. Who was Juan Peron? What country did he govern? Locate his country on the map. Why is he considered
an important nationalist leader? What were his nationalist goals?
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International
42. Describe how the work of the following scientists influenced historical events, changed the lives of the
general populace, and led to further scientific research.
A. Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
B. Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Edward Teller, and nuclear energy
C. Wernher von Braun and space exploration
D. Jonas Salk and the polio vaccine (WHII.37)
43. What ideas were expressed by Isaiah Berlin in his “Two Concepts of Liberty” lecture (1956)? (PrimSource)
WH2 Review Questions – 1960s
The Middle East
44. In the Arab-Israeli conflict, who aided the Israelis? Who aided the Arabs? What type of aid was given?
(WHII.32.D)
45. What happened in the 1967 conflict between the Arabs and Israelis? (WHII.39.F)
46. Locate Israel, Jordan, Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt on a map.
47. How successful were attempts to secure a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict during the Cold
War? (WHII.39.F)
Europe
48. What was “Prague Spring”? Briefly describe what happened. Who was Alexander Dubcek? In what
country is Prague located? Locate this country on the map (WHII.32.G)
49. What occurred in 1961 in Berlin that increased Cold War tensions? In what country is Berlin located?
Locate this country on the map (WHII.32.G)
Cuba
50. What was the Bay of Pigs? Locate Cuba on the map. (WHII.32.E)
51. What happened in 1962 involving Cuba and Nikita Khrushchev? Describe the event. (WHII.32.E)
52. Why is Fidel Castro considered an important nationalist leader? What were his nationalist goals? (WHII.38.A)
Vietnam
53. Who was Ngo Dinh Diem? Why was the Gulf of Tonkin important? Locate the Gulf on a map. (WHII.32.F)
54. Why are 1964 and 1969 considered milestones in the Vietnam War? (WHII.32.F)
55. During the 1960s, what part did Ho Chi Minh play in the Vietnam War? What were his nationalist goals?
Had they changed since the 1950s? (WHII.38.A)
China (WHII.34.C)
56. What was the goal of China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution? Who were the Red Guards? What
role did the Red Guards play in the Cultural Revolution?
57. How was China’s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution brought to an end? What were the consequences?
India (WHII.38.E)
58. Who was Jawaharlal Nehru? What country did he govern? Locate his country on the map. Why is he
considered an important nationalist leader? What were his nationalist goals?
Africa (WHII.44)
59. What was apartheid? Describe the restrictions put on blacks by the policy of apartheid.
60. Who was Nelson Mandela? What country is he from? Locate this country on the map.
61. According to Nelson Mandela’s “Statement at the Rivonia Trial”
(http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html), who was influencing the struggle in South Africa?
How did Mandela feel about violence? Why did he resort to it? In his speech, what reason does he give for
the creation of the African National Congress?
62. What was the result of Mandela’s trial?
63. Describe the development and goals of Patrice Lumumba’s nationalist movement in the Congo. Why was
he important as a nationalist leader? Locate the Congo on the map. (WHII.38.B)
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64. What country was led by Gamal Abdel Nasser? Locate his country on the map. Why is he considered an
important nationalist leader? What were his nationalist goals? (WHII.38.D)
Soviet Union
65. Explain the role of Aleksander Solzhenitsyn in transforming the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
(WHII.41.D)
Science
66. How did the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, and the discovery of DNA influence historical events,
change the lives of the general populace, and lead to further scientific research. (WHII.37.E)
WH2 Review Questions – 1970s
to 2001
1970s
67. How did the Vietnam War end? Which side emerged victorious from the conflict? How was the outcome
the realization of Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist goals? (WHII.32.F & WHII.38.C)
68. What do ABM and SALT stand for? Why were these treaties signed and by whom? What is détente? How
was Richard Nixon involved? How are these things key events in the Cold War? (WHII.32.H)
69. What ethnic or religious conflicts took place in the 1970s that involved Sri Lanka and Kashmir? Locate
these places on the map. (WHII.43.D&E)
70. Briefly describe the Iranian Revolution of 1978 –1979. Who was involved? What was the main issue
driving the revolution? Who emerged victorious and why? How are these events related to the rise and
funding of Islamic fundamentalism? (WHII.47.B)
71. Who were the Mujahideen? How were the Soviets involved with this group in Afghanistan? How was this
conflict related to the Cold War? How are these events related to the rise and funding of Islamic
fundamentalism? (WHII.32.I & WHII.47.C)
72. What circumstances existed in the Persian Gulf states in the 1970s that would lead to the Persian Gulf War
in the 1990s? How are these events related to the rise and funding of Islamic fundamentalism? (WHII.47.D)
73. What happened to the Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics (XXth Olympiad) in Munich? (WHII.47.F)
74. Describe the 1973 conflict between Israel and neighboring Arab states. What was the outcome? (WHII.39.E)
Primary Sources – 1970s
What is the importance of the following historical documents? What influential ideas does each contain?
75. Andrei Sakharov, “Peace, Progress, and Human Rights,” speech (1975)
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1975/sakharov-lecture.html
76. Vaclav Havel, “The Power of the Powerless,” essay (1978)
http://www.vaclavhavel.cz/index.php?sec=2&id=1
77. Wei Jingsheng, “The Fifth Modernization,” essay (1978)
http://www.weijingsheng.org/doc/en/THE%20FIFTH%20MODERNIZATION.html
1980s
78. Briefly describe the anticommunist policies of President Ronald Reagan. What impact did these policies
have on the U.S. and the Soviet Union? How did the weakness of the Soviet command economy, the
burden of Soviet military commitments, and the resistance to communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe contribute to the decline and collapse of the Soviet Union and the communist regimes in Eastern
Europe? (WHII.40.A-D)
79. Who were Mikhail Gorbachev, Vaclav Havel, Andrei Sakharov, and Lech Walesa? What role did each man
play in transforming the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe? (WHII.41.A-E)
80. Briefly describe the ethnic and religious conflicts in the Balkans in the 1980s. (WHII.43.B)
81. Briefly describe the causes, events, and results of the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstration. (WHII.34.D)
Primary Sources – 1980s
What is the importance of the following historical documents? What influential ideas does each contain?
82. Lech Walesa, Nobel Peace Prize Lecture (1983)
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1983/walesa-lecture.html
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83.
84.
85.
86.
“An Open Letter to Citizen Mobutu Sese Seko” (1980)
Mario Vargas Llosa, “Latin America: The Democratic Option,” essay (1987)
Fang Lizhe, “Human Rights in China,” speech (1989)
Salman Rushdie, “In Good Faith,” essay (1989)
1990s to 2001
87. Explain how the computer revolution contributed to economic growth and advances in science, medicine,
and communication. (WHII.46)
88. Briefly outline the modernization of China’s economy and its growing involvement in world trade
beginning in the 1970s through today. (WHII.34.E)
89. How did the breakup of the Soviet Union lead to the development of market economies, political and social
instability, and the spread of nuclear technology and other technologies of mass destruction to rogue states
and terrorist organizations? (WHII.42.A-C)
90. Describe the events and results of the Persian Gulf War and the post-war actions of Saddam Hussein.
(WHII.47.D)
91. Explain the reasons for the fall of apartheid in South Africa, including the influence and ideas of Nelson
Mandela. (WHII.44)
92. Explain the social and economic effects of the spread of AIDS in Asian and African countries. (WHII.45)
93. Briefly describe the ethnic and religious conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s. (WHII.43.B)
94. Briefly describe how the weakness and fragility of oil-rich Persian Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, and others, gave rise to Islamic fundamentalism in the last half of the 20th century. What other
major events and forces in the Middle East over the last several decades led to an increase in Islamic
fundamentalism? (WHII.47.A)
95. Describe the financial support of radical and terrorist organizations by the Saudis. (WHII.47.E)
96. Describe America’s response to and the wider consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on
the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. (WHII.48)
97. How did the work of scientists on the Human Genome Project influence historical events, change the lives
of the general populace, and lead to further scientific research. (WHII.37.E)
Primary Sources – 1990s to 2001
What is the importance of the following historical documents? What influential ideas does each contain?
98. Mario Vargas Llosa, “Latin America: The Democratic Option,” speech (1990)
99. United Nations, Arab Human Development Report for the Arab Fund for Economic and Social
Development (2002), on the web at www.undp.org/rbas/ahdr/
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