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CGC 1DO Final Exam Review Outline
Final Exam: Wednesday June 23, 2010 @ 8:15 – 9:45 a.m. (Rm 319)
SUGGESTIONS
 Go over all of the terms and outlines listed below and make sure you make study notes
 Go over all of the study notes by reading, writing, and saying out loud the definitions, characteristics
 Study Unit Tests & Quizzes
MAP(S): Representation of the earth’s surface on a flat surface.
□ Mercator Projection:
□ Cartographer:
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
 Contour map
 Contour line: A line on a map joining places of equal elevation
 Contour interval:
 Elevation:
 Shown by spot heights, bench marks and contour lines
 Altitude: the vertical distance above sea level
MAP OF CANADA
Know location of:
 Provinces & Territories
 Capitals
 Bodies of Water
 Oceans (Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific)
 Major Lakes & Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)
 Major Bays (Hudson Bay, James Bay)
 Landform Regions
 Also, general questions about Canada
MAP OF THE WORLD
 Know location of continents
 North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica
3 TYPES OF SCALE
 Linear (resembles a ruler)
 Written/Verbal/Direct Statement 1cm = 1 km
 Ratio 1: 100 000
Conversions:
 To change cm to km remember to move the decimal point 5 places to the left
 To change km to cm remember to move the decimal point 5 places to the right


Large scale map:
Small scale map:
COMPASS DIRECTION:
 Know compass points & bearings (N, NNE, NE, E…)
LATITUDE & LONGITUDE
 Parallels of latitude: Measure distance in degrees North & South of the Equator
 [Equator (0°), North Pole (90°N), South Pole (90°S)]
 Meridians of Longitude: Measure distance in degrees East & West of the Prime Meridian
 (Prime Meridian (0°))
 Know all of the main lines and their degrees (Sphere Diagram)
 Hemispheres
 Parallels of latitude divide the world into Northern & Southern Hemispheres
 Meridians of longitude divide the world into Eastern & Western Hemispheres
TIME ZONES
 24 time zones in the world
 Each time zone is 15 degrees in width
 Canada has 6 Time Zones all are1 hour apart except for Newfoundland (30 minutes)
 Go west subtract an hour, Go east add an hour
 Sun rises in the east and sets in the west
CGC 1DO Final Exam Review Outline
Final Exam: Wednesday June 23, 2010 @ 8:15 – 9:45 a.m. (Rm 319)
PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS
Spheres of the earth:
 Atmosphere: the envelope of air surrounding the earth
 Biosphere: the layer where all life exists
 Hydrosphere: the water layer – oceans, seas, lakes, rivers
 Lithosphere: solid land area of rocks and soil (crust)
Plate Tectonics
 Continental Plate: huge, slow-moving blocks of material which form the earth’s crust
 Alfred Wegener: German Scientist who developed the Continental Drift Theory
 Pangea: “Supercontinent:” A massive land area consisting of all continents before the movement of continents to
their present positions
Structure of the Earth (refer to diagram for assistance)
Crust:
mantle:
outer core:
inner core:
Geological Time
4 Eras
 Precambrian:
 Paleozoic:
 Mesozoic:
 Cenozoic:
3 Types of Rocks & Their Formation
 Igneous:
 Metamorphic:

Sedimentary:
Important Terms:
 Volcano: a cone shaped mountain formed by the ejection of and hardening of lava, cinders and ash from a central
vent
 Folding:
 Fault: a fracture in rock layers caused by plate movement
7 Landform Regions (know their locations on a map of Canada)
3 distinct landform types found in Canada:
 Shield
 Highlands
 Lowlands
Canadian Shield “The Storehouse of Canada’s Metallic Minerals”
 Oldest landform region in Canada (formed during the Precambrian Era)
 Comprised mainly of old igneous and metamorphic rocks like Granite
 Also called the Storehouse of Canada’s Metallic Minerals
Western Cordillera
 Young, high sharp-peaked mountains
Appalachians
 Worn down, old, rounded mountains
Interior Plains “Canada’s Breadbasket”
Horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks
GLACIATION
 Glacial activity greatly impacted and altered the Canadian landscape
Weathering
 Breakdown of rock into small particles
Erosion
 Wearing away of the earth’s surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have been worn
away
 Water, wind & ice are all agents of erosion
CGC 1DO Final Exam Review Outline
Final Exam: Wednesday June 23, 2010 @ 8:15 – 9:45 a.m. (Rm 319)
CLIMATE
 Weather: Day to day changes in the earth’s atmosphere
 Climate: Weather conditions of a place averaged over a long period of time
Factors Affecting Climate
 Latitude
 Ocean Currents
 Winds
 Elevation
 Relief Barrier
 Near Water
2 Types of Climate
 Maritime(coastal):
 Continental (in land):
Climate Graphs
 Temperature Range (Warmest Temp. – Coldest Temp.)
 Annual Average Temperature (add all 12 temp. & divide by 12)
 Total Precipitation (add all 12 prec.)
 Highest & lowest monthly averages (temp. & prec.)
 Maximum Season of Precipitation
 Precipitation Distribution (even or seasonal)
3 Types of Precipitation (know how to identify types through diagrams)
 Relief (Orographic):
 Cyclonic:
 Convectional: warm moist air rises due to intense heating of the ground
VEGETATION
 A region’s vegetation is determined by its climate and soils
 Transition Zone
 Natural Vegetation: Plant life not cultivated by man
SOIL
 Humus:
Tundra:
Calcification:
Leaching:
ECOZONES
 An Ecozone is a region based on its ecological characteristics
 Ecozones:
 allow you to combine and relate information
 are dynamic because they are constantly changing and will continue to do so
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
 Ecological Footprint: is the amount of space or land needed to support the lifestyle of one person, measured by total
human impact on an ecosystem
 Ecological Footprint involve 5 types of productive land: energy, crop land, pasture land, forested, degraded
 Ecological Footprint of 4.27 ha of productive land needed to support the lifestyle of the average Canadian
 Carrying capacity: is the number of people that could be supported at current living standards by all productive land
 Sustainability: means being able to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future
generations (wise and frugal use of resources and careful waste management)
POPULATION
Demography: the study of human population
Natural Increase: there are more births than deaths
Net migration: more people move to Canada than leave Canada
Birth rate: this is the number of births per 1 000 people in a year
Death rate: this is the number of deaths per 1 000 people in a year
Population growth rate: This is the overall growth in a country’s population
Doubling Time: How long it will take for the population of a country to double at the current pop. growth rate
CGC 1DO Final Exam Review Outline
Final Exam: Wednesday June 23, 2010 @ 8:15 – 9:45 a.m. (Rm 319)
Rule of 70: the approx. number of years it will take for the population to double
Immigrant: A person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there
Emigrant: A person who leaves their country of origin to live permanently in another country
Population density: The number of people in a square kilometre
Urbanization:
Approximately 80% of Canadian live in urban areas
 Approximately 60% of Canada’s population lives in Southern Ontario & Quebec
 Population distribution in Canada is concentrated near U.S. border
 World population: approx. 6 billion
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
□ Definitions:
□ Settlement Patterns
□ Population Distribution
□ Population Density
□ Rural Settlement
□ Urban Settlement
□ Why most Canadians have settled within 600 km of the Canada/US border
□ Advantages and disadvantages of these settlement patterns:
□ Quebec Long Lots
□ Southern Ontario Concession System
□ Prairie Rural Settlement Pattern
ENVIRONMENTAL
□ Renewable Energy Sources
□ Energy Conservation
□ Sustainability
NIAGARA REGION
Refer to handout(s) completed in class for study purposes
 Peninsula: a land mass that is surrounded by water on 3 sides
 The Niagara Region is surrounded by Lake Ontario, Lake Erie & the Niagara River
 The Niagara River flows NORTH
 The Niagara Region is important to the province of Ontario for the 5 following reasons:
 Power Source, Tourism, Agriculture, Transportation & Industry