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Study Guide Chapter 16 Name:__________________ Period:______ Date:______ Label the following diagram of the respiratory system: 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. __________________________ 7. __________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. __________________________ 10. __________________________ 11. __________________________ Match the functions in the first column with the appropriate terms in the second column. ____ 12. entraps dust ____ 13. lightens skull and provide vocal resonance ____ 14. warms and humidifies air entering the nose ____ 15. provides movement to mucous layer a. mucous membrane b. mucus c. sinuses d. cilia 16. Describe the location and function of the pharynx. 17. Describe the function of the alveoli. 18. How does surfactant support the function of the alveoli? Match the air volumes in column A with the definitions in column B. Column A Column B 19. expiratory reserve volume a. volume in addition to tidal volume that leaves the lungs during forced expiration. 20. functional residual capacity b. vital capacity plus residual volume. 21. inspiratory capacity c. volume that remains in lungs after the most forceful expiration. 22. inspiratory reserve volume d. volume that enters or leaves lungs during normal breathing. 23. residual volume e. volume in addition to tidal volume that enters lungs during forced inspiration. 24. tidal volume f. maximum volume a person can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath. 25. total lung capacity g. maximum volume a person can inhale following exhalation of the tidal volume 26. vital capacity h. volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of the tidal volume. 27. Use the key choices to correctly complete the following statements, which refer to gas exchanges in the body. Insert the correct letter response in the answer blanks. Key choices: a. active transport b. alveoli air to capillary blood c. CO2 poor and oxygen rich d. capillary blood to alveolar air e. capillary blood to tissue cells f. diffusion g. higher concentration h. lower concentration i. oxygen-poor and CO2 rich j. tissue cells to capillary blood All gas exchanges are made by _______. When substances pass in this manner, they move from areas of their ______ to areas of their ______. Thus oxygen continually passes from _______ and then from ______. Conversely, carbon dioxide moves from _____ and from ______. From there it passes out of the body during expiration. As a result of such exchanges, arterial blood tends to be ______ while venous blood is _____. The diagram below shows respiratory volumes. Complete the figure by making the following additions: a. Bracket the volume representing the vital capacity and color the area yellow; label it VC. b. Add green stripes to the area representing the inspiratory reserve volume and label it IRV. c. Add red stripes to the area representing the expiratory reserve volume and label it ERV. d. Identify and label the respiratory volume, which is now just yellow. e. Color the residual volume (RV) blue and label it on the figure. f. Bracket and label the inspiratory capacity (IC). Fill-in-the-blank 28. Breathing can also be called _____________________________. 29. A mixture of lipoproteins, called ________________, acts to reduce the tendency of alveoli to collapse. 30. When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ___________________. 31. The weight of air causes a force called ______________ pressure. 32. Air goes into the lungs because pressure inside the lungs is _________ than outside the lungs. 33. Nerve impulses are carried to the ______________ by the phrenic nerve. 34. Muscles that help to force out more than the normal volume of air by pulling the ribs downward and inward include the __________ ____________________. 35. The iron-containing protein called ___________________ binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues throughout the body where the oxygen is released. 36. At the cellular level, respiration is defined as the release of _____________ from the breakdown of molecules in food in the presence of oxygen. 37. Inhaled air passes from the trachea to one of the two ________________. 38. Your ability to sing, shout, and speak comes from the vocal cords located within the _______________. 39. Breathing is such an important function that your ________________ system will not let you have complete control over it. 40. Each alveolus is surrounded by ___________________ so gas exchange can occur. 41. Carbon monoxide blocks the transport of ____________ by hemoglobin in the blood. 42. Gas that moves from the blood into the alveoli is _________________. 43. Gas that moves from body cells into the blood is _________________. 44. Gas that moves from alveoli into the blood is ___________________. 45. Gas that moves from the blood into body cells is _________________. 46. The _____________ carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. 47. When the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, enlarging the chest cavity, ___________________ occurs. 48. Breathing rate is regulated by response to the level of _________ detected in the blood. 49. A disease in which the elasticity and surface area of the lung tissue is lost is commonly caused by __________________. 50. Breathing is controlled by contractions of the __________________muscle. 51. When you swallow, the _________________ prevents food from entering the trachea. 52. The ribs move ___________ when you exhale. 53. The enzyme, ________________________, catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. 54. After the tertiary bronchi, air will pass into the _______________ and then to the alveoli. 55. Entry of air into the intrapleural space will cause the lung to collapse; this is called a __________________________. 56. Increase mucus production by the mucosal layers in the bronchi, can interfere with ventilation because is increases airway __________________. 57. The ______________ are the structures where gas exchange takes place in the lungs. 58. The ________________ nerve stimulates the diaphragm during breathing. 59. The pleural cavity is lined with the _________________ pleura membrane. 60. The ___________________ pleura membrane covers the lungs. 61. _________________ fluid is secreted in the pleural cavity to reduce friction between the tissues. 62. ________________________ is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. 63. The amount of air that can still be exhaled (forcibly) after a normal exhalation is _________________________________. 64. The method of transport for all gases across membranes is done by _______________________. 65. __________________________ is the condition where one exhales too rapidly, decreasing the normal amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. 66. _________________ is the condition where the respiratory passageways are narrowed by bronchiolar spasms. 67. The cessation of breathing during sleep is termed _______________. 68. The _____________________ regulates the rhythmicity of breathing.