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Transcript
Name Date Period XES: CHAPTER 7 REVIEW – COMMUNITY ECOLOGY: STRUCTURE, SPECIES INTERACTIONS, SUCCESSION, AND SUSTAINABILITY Use the clues below to fill in the crossword puzzle. Across 1. Consumer organism that lives on or in and feeds on a living plant or animal, known as the host, over an extended period of time. 4. Species that migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans. 5. Type of species interaction in which both participating species generally benefit. 8. Organism that is captured and serves as a source of food for an organism of another species (the predator). 14. Process in which communities of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more complex communities. 16. The ability of an ecosystem to resist being disturbed. Down 2. The existence of a greater number of species and a higher population density in a transition zone (ecotone) between two ecosystems than in either adjacent ecosystem. 3. Fairly stable, self-sustaining community in an advanced stage of ecological succession. 6. Ability of a living system to resist being disturbed or altered. 7. Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food. 8. Interaction between species in which one organism, called the parasite, preys on another organism, called the host, by living on or in the host. 9. Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem. 10. Organism that captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species (the prey). 11. First hardy species, often microbes, mosses, and lichens that begin colonizing a site as the first stage of ecological succession. 12. Plant or animal on which a parasite feeds. 13. Species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem. 15. Ability of a living system, such as a population, to maintain a certain size. Question 1. An epiphyte lives on a tree and receives a better habitat and access to the sun – what type of relationship is this? 2. Species rich environments tends to have _______ species diversity but ______ species abundance. 3. What are five different species interactions that may occur in communities? 4. What are four species rich environments? 5. What are some adaptations predators have to make them better at catching their prey? 6. What are some adaptations prey species have to help them escape capture by predators? 7. What are the two different types of succession? 8. What are three factors may affect diversity? 9. What are three other terms for nonnative species? 10. What are three ways in which resources can be partitioned? 11. What are two examples of pioneer species? 12. What determines species abundance? 13. What does the precautionary principle state? Answer Commensalism (+/0) 14. What effect is created by difference is physical appearance at boundaries between ecosystems? 15. What effect results when there are mostly large communities with a mosaic of different types of vegetation? 16. What four characteristics make up community structure? 17. What is a distinct event that disrupts an ecosystem or community? Edge effect High diversity, Low abundance Competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism Tropical rain forest, coral reef, deep sea, large tropical lakes Speed, stealth, claw/fang Camouflage, chemical warfare, warning coloration, mimicry, behavioral strategies Primary and secondary Latitude, depth, and pollution Alien, invasive, exotic Using different parts, using at different times, using in different ways Lichens and mosses Number of individuals We should try to prevent potential harm to an ecosystem even though we don’t understand all of the cause-and-effects • “better safe than sorry Patch effect (vegetation patches) Physical appearance, species richness/diversity, species abundance, niche structure Disturbance 18. What is a gradual and fairly predictable change in species composition over time? Succession 19. What is a species that plays a critical role in an ecosystem? 20. What is a way in which two species with similar resource requirements can coexist because the resources are divided up slightly differently? 21. What is it called when members of the same species compete for a resource? 22. What is the actual location where an organism lives called? 23. What is the final and stable community in an ecosystem? 24. What is the name of the first species to colonize an area in primary succession? 25. What is the role an organism plays in an ecosystem? 26. What term describes populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time? What three factors play a role in ecosystem stability? 27. What type of competition is in when a nonnative species moves into an area and outcompetes or crowds out the native species in that area? 28. What type of relationship consists of a lion hunting down, killing, and then eating a zebra? 29. What type of relationships consists of a flea living on a dog? 30. What type of species is newly introduced into an area and can typically crowd out the native species in that area? 31. What type of succession occurs where there was no ecosystem before? 32. What types of plants would you find in the late communities during primary succession? Keystone Resource Partitioning Intraspecific competition Habitat Climax community Pioneer species Niche Community Inertia, resilience, constancy Interspecific Competition Predation Parasitism Invasive Primary Trees 33. What would be an example of a nonnative species? 34. What would be an example of an indicator species? 35. What would be examples of human caused disturbances? 36. What would be examples of natural disturbances? 37. What would be two examples of keystone species? 38. When two species interact and both benefit – what is this type of relationship called? 39. Which type of species have broad niches, can live in many places, and use a variety of resources? 40. Which type of species have narrow niches and live only in specific places? 41. Which type of species may serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being damaged? 42. Which type of species originated and normally lives and thrives in an ecosystem? Vary Amphibians, birds… Deforestation, overgrazing, plowing, fire Hurricane, fire, tornadoes, drought, flooding Sea otter, flying fox Mutualism Generalists Specialists Indicator Native