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Modern Europe- Cooke
June, 2014
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Modern Europe Final Study Guide
• The final exam will count for 14% of your second semester grade.
 The exam is on Friday, June 20th at 8:00 am (arrive by 7:50 am).
• Location: C345, C346 and C348 (exact room assignments for each student will be on the
door of each classroom on the day of the exam)
• Please bring:
 2 pencils/2 pens to the exam. If you would like, you may write the essay in pen.
 A 3 x 5 notecard for the essay part of the exam. You will turn this notecard into the
proctor at the start of exam and then get it back after you turn in Part I (Multiple
choice and matching) For the rules of this notecard, see the essay part of this guide!
What you can do between now and the end of classes: We will spend 2-3 days in class reviewing for the exam. The
more you have prepared at that point, the more effective the review session/time will be to you. You
should be sure that you are not missing any notes, handouts, study sheets, etc. If you are missing anything,
check the website or ask a classmate whether you can copy their notes. At a minimum, between now and
the end of classes, I would suggest that you at least read over the short essay questions and begin thinking
about how you might outline them. You can outline them in class during our review days. Since history is
the last exam, I would suggest
Extra Help: I will be available for extra help as always during blocks 1, 2 and 5 or before/after school by
appointment. I will also be available during exam week to review as well.
The mid-term exam will cover and consist of the following:
Units Covered:
 Industrialization & Imperialism
 WWI
 Russian Revolution-Stalin
 Interwar Period
 WWII & The Holocaust
 Europe after WWII
Exam Format:
50 Multiple Choice (1 point each)
25 Matching (1 point each)
1 Essay (75 points)
Total= 150 points
GOOD LUCK STUDYING!!!!
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Key Questions and Terms
Note: The following terms are drawn from the many review sheets you have been given this year – they are
not new. The ones you are not responsible for knowing on the final have been crossed out.
Industrialization & Imperialism
Key Question 1: What was the industrial revolution? Where did it happen first and why?
Define industrialization:
Where it took place first:
Enclosure Act:
what it was
its effect on the industrial revolution
Steam engine
Its role in the industrial revolution
Why did Great Britain get the industrial revolution first?
Key Question 2: What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on life in Britain?
Factory System:
Conditions in early factories
Hours in early factories
Child labor
Domestic System
Urbanization
What it was
Why it was caused by the industrial revolution
Effects of the industrial revolution on:
Children:
Women:
The environment:
Prices and availability of goods:
The middle class (jobs, lifestyle and values):
Working class (jobs, lifestyle and values):
Key Question 3: What new ideas came about as the result of the Industrial Revolution?
Define Capitalism
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Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
Social Darwinism
Laissez faire
Define Communism
Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto
Steps in a communist revolution
Define Socialism
John Stuart Mill:
Key Question 4: What political changes happened in Britain as a result of the Industrial
Revolution?
Victorian Era
What was this:
Labor unions
Combination Acts
What impact did they have on Britain?
Factory Act
Reform Act of 1832 & 1867
what did they do
Rise of political parties
Conservatives:
Liberals (Whigs)
Labour (democratic socialists)
Parliament Act of 1911
Key Question 5: What is imperialism? What were the reasons for European imperialism?
Define Imperialism
Height of European Imperialism- dates:
Protectorate
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Sphere of Influence
Political reasons for imperialism
political rivalries
Economic causes for imperialism:
new markets
raw materials
relationship between imperialism and industrialization
Social causes: for Imperialism
Social Darwinism
“The White Man’s Burden”
Missionaries
Key Question 6: What role did European imperialism play in Africa?
Why did African geography make it hard for the Europeans to conquer?
The Berlin Conference 1884
Why did it happen?
Who was there?
What was the result?
Which European nations conquered Africa? Roughly where did they conquer?
Key Question 7: What role did European imperialism play in Asia?
Why did the Europeans want to reach Asia by sea?
Major European nations who colonized Asia and where they colonized:
What the British did in India
East Indies Companies
What the British did in China
The Opium Wars
The Open Door Policy
Boxer Uprising
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Key Question 8: In the poem, “The White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling claimed imperialism
was intended to benefit the people the Europeans conquered. In your analysis, was he correct,
partly correct or overwhelmingly wrong?
WWI
Key Question 1: How was German Empire created? What problems did this create in Europe?
Otto von Bismarck
"iron and blood"
Franco-Prussian War:
German Empire declared
Key Question #2: What were the MAIN causes of WWI?
Key Question #3: What is nationalism? What forms did nationalism take in the 19th century? How
did nationalism help to cause WWI?
Nationalism:
Fighting for independence:
Examples: Greece and Belgium
Unification:
German Unification: see Key Question #1
Italian Unification:
Pan-Slavic nationalism:
Key Question 4: What is militarism? How did it help to cause WWI?
Militarism:
war plans:
Schlieffen Plan:
Key Question 5: What is imperialism? How did it help cause WWI?
Imperialism:
Key Question 6: What was the Alliance System? How did it help to cause WWI?
Triple Alliance:
Triple Entente:
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Key Question 7: What was the spark that set off WWI?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand:
Black Hand
timeline of who declared war on who and why
ultimatum
mobilization
Key Question 8: Who fought in WWI?
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Key Question 9: Where was the Western Front? What was war like on the Western Front?
failure of the Schlieffen Plan:
Battle of the Marne
war of attrition:
trench warfare:
German vs. Allied Trenches:
Living in the trenches:
No-Man’s Land
Illnesses:
Stalemate:
for both “war of attrition” and “trench warfare,” consider the notes from the Great War video and
class notes, including info about
machine guns
airplanes
chemical warfare
uboats
artillery and big guns
tanks
Christmas Truce
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Battle of Verdun
Nivelle Offensive
Battle of the Somme
Key Question 10: What was war like on the Eastern Front?
Battle of Tannenburg
Gallipoli Campaign
reasons for Russian surrender in 1917:
Treaty of Brest-Litvosk:
Key Question 11: Why did the USA get into WWI?
sinking of the Lusitania
Zimmerman telegram
Key Question 12: Who won the war?
armistice:
Key Question 13: What were the major ideas in Wilson's Fourteen Points? What were the major
ideas behind the treaties that ended WWI? How were they alike or different?
Fourteen Points:
national self-determination
League of Nations
arms control
free trade/freedom of the seas
Big Three leaders, their nations, and their goals:
David Lloyd George/Britain
Georges Clemenceau/France
Woodrow Wilson/USA
Treaty of Versailles
Disarmament
reparations
war guilt clause
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Key Question 15: Was the Treaty of Versailles a just or unjust settlement to WWI? Why?
Russian Revolution-Stalin
Key Question 1: What were the underlying causes of the Russian Revolution?
What were the problems of the peasants?
What were the problems of the urban workers?
What kind of government did Russia have before the revolution?
Tsar:
Autocrat:
Describe the personalities of each of the following people. How did they cause the revolution?
Tsar Nicholas II:
Alexandra:
Rasputin:
Key Question 2: What caused the Revolution of 1905? What was the result?
Russo-Japanese War
Bloody Sunday: what happened?
October Manifesto
The result: the Duma
What was it?
Was it effective?
Key Question 3: How did WWI cause the collapse of the Romanov Dynasty (the Tsar and the
monarchy)?
What was WWI like for the Russian people?
What was WWI like for the Russian army?
What happened in March 1917?
Key Question 4: Why did the Provisional Government lose power to the Bolsheviks?
Provisional Government (P.G)
Kerensky:
What mistakes did the P.G. (Provisional Government) make?
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What happened in November 1917?
Bolsheviks
Vladimir Lenin
“Land peace
bread”
“All power to the soviets”
Why could the Bolsheviks so easily overthrow the P.G?
Key Question 5: Assess Lenin. Was his rule a success or a failure for the USSR?
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
what were its terms?
why did the Bolsheviks agree to it?
The USSR
The Civil War:
Reds
Whites
What was war communism?
Why did the Bolsheviks start war communism?
What was the result of war communism?
What was the CHEKA?
who won the Civil War?
what problems did the USSR have after the Civil War?
The NEP (New Economic Policy) what was it
why did Lenin start it?
what it did for the USSR?
Overall was Lenin a good leader for the USSR? Why or why not?
Key Question 6: Assess Stalin. Was his rule a success or a failure for the USSR?
How did Stalin gain power?
What type of state did he create?
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Stalin’s agricultural(farming) policy:
why did he end the NEP?
forced collectivization—
kulkoz
What about his policy was a success?
What about his policy was a failure?
Stalin’s industrial (factory production) policy
Five Year PlansSuccesses of the Five Year Plans
Repression under Stalin
NKVD
purges
Gulags
number of people killed and imprisoned under Stalin? 18 million
Social services under Stalin:
Education
health care
electricity
Overall, was Stalin’s rule beneficial or harmful to the USSR and its people?
Key Question 7: Was life under Stalin better or worse for the Russian people than life under the
czars?
Key Question 8: What changed in Russia as the result of the Russian Revolution? What didn’t
change at all?
Key Question 9: Overall, was the Russian Revolution a success or a failure?
Interwar Period
Key Question 1: What were conditions like in Europe after WWI? How did this lead to the rise of
extremism in Italy and Germany?
Dada
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Weimar Republic
hyperinflation
fascism
Mussolini
WWII & The Holocaust
Key Question 1: How did Hitler and the Nazis take Power in Germany?
Hitler’s beliefs:
beer hall putsch
Mein Kampf
anti-semitism
“Master Race”/Aryans
lebensraum
Reichstag fire: the event and how Hitler used it to gain power
Nazi Party
Fuhrer
Third Reich
Key Question 2: What events led to the start of WWII?
Impact of Treaty of Versailles
Countries that were upset with the treaty and why
Weak League of Nations
Occupation of the Rhineland
Anschluss
Rome-Berlin Axis
Anti-Comintern Pact
Appeasement
conquest of Czechoslovakia/Sudetenland
Chamberlain and England
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Munich Conference
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Key Question 3: What happened in the first three years of WWII? What caused the Axis victories in
these years?
invasion of Poland
blitzkrieg
evacuation of Dunkirk
fall of France
Vichy France
Free France
Battle of Britain
The Blitz
Churchill
Key Question 4: How were British citizens impacted by the war?
How did Britain its people for the war?
Propaganda and its messages
How did they react to the war?
Total War
How did they feel about London being bombed?
How were the following groups impacted:
Children
Women
Key Question 5: What led to the victory of the Allies in 1945?
Invasion of the Soviet Union
Barbarossa
scorched earth policy
Battle of Stalingrad
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Battle of Leningrad
El Alamein
Invasion of Italy
D-Day
V-E day
Key Question 5: How did the winners of WWII attempt to set up a peaceful world after WWII?
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
United Nations
Key Question 6: What was the Holocaust and what was its impact on Europe?
Nuremburg Race Laws
Kristallnacht
Ghettos
Concentration Camps
Wansee Conference
Final Solution
Auschwitz
Liberation of Concentration Camps
Key Question 7: Why remember the Holocaust? Why is it important we learn about it?
Europe after WWII
Key Question #1: How did the winners of WWII attempt to set up a peaceful world after WWII?
Nuremberg trials
United Nations
purpose
General Assembly
Security Council
World Court
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Key Question# 2: What was the Cold War? What caused it?
definition of the cold war
Yalta Conference
occupation and division of Germany
Key Question #3:What were the effects of the Cold War?
arms race/mutually assured destruction (MAD)
iron curtain
The Truman Doctrine
The Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade & Airlift
NATO
Warsaw Pact
Key Question #4: What ended the Cold War?
Mikhail Gorbachev
glasnost
perestroika
Key Question #5: What effect did Glasnost have on the USSR, and the countries of Eastern
Europe?
the fall of the wall and the reunification of Germany
the dissolution of the USSR
Key Question #6:What is the European Union? What have been its achievements to date? What
concerns do some European have about the EU?
European Union
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
euro
three benefits of the EU
three issues of concern about the EU
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Essay Questions & Information
Below are two essay questions – you should prepare for ONE of them (you will be given the
option to answer either on the final). You may bring in a ONE-3 x 5 notecard for the essay question
you pick to use during the essay portion of the exam. You will hand in this notecard with your exam.
The requirements for the notecard are:
 You may only write in outline form – you cannot have a pre-written essay that you will simply copy
on to the exam. You may, however, write out your thesis and topic sentences. Otherwise,
everything should be in note form only.
 The notecard must be handwritten
Please make sure that you follow these requirements or ten points will be deducted from your essay.
I will be grading your essay on the following components:
1. The essay has an introduction with a clear thesis statement (not three-part), 3 body paragraphs
which include information on at least 3 different units we covered this semester, and a
conclusion.
2. The essay includes an ample amount of examples and evidence to support broader ideas.
3. The essay is fairly well-written and avoids the use of casual language, poor sentence structure,
and a lack of organization.
Essay Question One: Looking at the course of modern European history, Great Britain, Germany and
Russia have been 3 of the most powerful countries in the world. Which one of these countries could be
acknowledged as the dominant leader in Europe from 1800-present? You will argue why the other two
were not as influential in your 1st and 2nd body paragraph and then your 3rd will address why the country
you have chosen emerged as a greater power than the other two. For each of these countries, address how
and when it first became a global power, what the source of its power was, what successes it enjoyed, and
what setbacks it has endured.
Essay Question Two: Many leaders in the 20th century have not been known for their respect for human
rights. Please pick three of those leaders, briefly describe their particular violation of human rights, and do
the following three things: 1) explain why people would have supported/tolerated him/her at the time of
his/her rise to power 2) discuss what he/she did as a leader of that country (both good and bad) and 3)
assess the whether the accomplishments of their country justify their actions.
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Final Exam Essay Prep: Outlines
You will be asked to write a full-length exam essay on the exam. CHOOSE ONE of the two essay
questions below. On the day of the exam, you will be asked to answer the question of your choice. You
have been given the opportunity to prepare and bring in a one 3 x 5 notecard (outline form only) to use
during the essay portion of the exam. You will hand in this outline with your exam.
Use the sheet below to begin preparing for the essay portion of the exam.
Essay Question One:
Looking at the course of modern European history, Great Britain, Germany and Russia have been 3 of the
most powerful countries in the world. How did they each gain such positions of power from 1815-present?
For each of these countries:
 address how and when it first became a global power,
 what the source of its power was
 what successes it enjoyed
 what setbacks it has endured
In your conclusion address which one of these countries could be acknowledged as the dominant leader in
Europe during this time period?
Thesis:
Paragraph# 1 Country:______________________
EVIDENCE (include at least 3 SPECIFIC, DETAILED examples from two different units to support
your argument):
How and when it first became a global power
Source of its power:
Successes:
Setbacks:
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Paragraph# 2 Country:______________________
EVIDENCE (include at least 3 SPECIFIC, DETAILED examples from two different units to support
your argument):
How and when it first became a global power
Source of its power:
Successes:
Setbacks:
Paragraph# 3 Country:______________________
EVIDENCE (include at least 3 SPECIFIC, DETAILED examples from two different units to support
your argument):
How and when it first became a global power
Source of its power:
Successes:
Setbacks:
Conclusion: Which one of these countries could be acknowledged as the dominant leader in Europe?
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Essay Question Two:
Many leaders in the 20th century have not been known for their respect for the individual rights of their
citizens. Please pick three of those leaders, briefly describe their particular violation of their subjects’ rights,
and do the following three things: 1) explain why people would have supported/tolerated him at the time
of his rise to power 2) discuss what he did as a leader of that country (both successes and failures) and 3)
assess the whether the accomplishments of their country justify their actions.
Thesis:
Paragraph 1: Leader:______________________
EVIDENCE (include at least 3 SPECIFIC, DETAILED examples to support your argument):
Why people would have supported/tolerated him at the time of his rise to power:
Discuss what he did as a leader of that country (both good and bad):
Assess the whether the accomplishments of their country justify their actions:
Paragraph 2: Leader:______________________
EVIDENCE (include at least 3 SPECIFIC, DETAILED examples to support your argument):
Why people would have supported/tolerated him/her at the time of his/her rise to power:
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discuss what he/she did as a leader of that country (both good and bad):
assess the whether the accomplishments of their country justify their actions:
Paragraph 3: Leader:______________________
EVIDENCE (include at least 3 SPECIFIC, DETAILED examples to support your argument):
Why people would have supported/tolerated him/her at the time of his/her rise to power:
discuss what he/she did as a leader of that country (both good and bad):
assess the whether the accomplishments of their country justify their actions:
Conclusion: What happened impact did these leaders have on Europe in the 20th century?
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