* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Pacific Theater
German–Soviet Axis talks wikipedia , lookup
Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Swedish iron-ore mining during World War II wikipedia , lookup
United States home front during World War II wikipedia , lookup
World War II by country wikipedia , lookup
British propaganda during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Allied war crimes during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Operation Bodyguard wikipedia , lookup
Allied plans for German industry after World War II wikipedia , lookup
Aftermath of World War II wikipedia , lookup
New Order (Nazism) wikipedia , lookup
Allied Control Council wikipedia , lookup
Western betrayal wikipedia , lookup
Consequences of Nazism wikipedia , lookup
Foreign relations of the Axis powers wikipedia , lookup
Home front during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Economy of Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Technology during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Causes of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Diplomatic history of World War II wikipedia , lookup
Allies of World War II wikipedia , lookup
THE ROAD FROM PEACE TO WAR (19201941) Chapter 17—Part II I. II. III. INTRODUCTION Why did the U.S. go to war? THEME This chapter examines the course and consequences of World War II. THE ROAD TO WAR A. War in the Pacific 1. In 1940, Japan sought to incorporate its possessions into a greater East Asia coprosperity sphere. 2. Nature of the Conflict: U. S. wanted Japan to evacuate China vs. Japan wanted a free hand in China 3. The "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis [September 1940] fused the conflicts in Europe and Asia, turning the struggle into a global war."1 4. Fearing a two-front conflict, and hoping to postpone war with Japan, the U. S. "engaged in a kind of diplomatic shadow boxing."2 B. War Guilt 1. Most of the responsibility lies at Germany's door, specifically charged to Adolf Hitler (whose whole policy had been war-oriented) Hitler's view of war: a. A peace of more than 25 years would do great harm to Germany . . . "in eternal peace, mankind perishes" b. Social Darwinism—war ridded mankind of unfit species—the primal law of life and death and gaining at the expense of others c. To his generation, who were products of World War I, the idea of peace seemed stale, unpleasant. . . there was a fascination with hostility 2. The Western Allies were also to blame to a lesser extent, especially France and Britain They failed to stop Hitler when the opportunity was right, e.g., the Rhineland and Appeasement 3. Russia—her Non-Aggression Pact with Germany made the war well-night inevitable The Allies Great Britain Soviet Union United States The Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan The three totalitarian nations that signed the Anti-Comintern Pact formed the so-called Berlin-Rome-Tokyo “Axis” C. FDR—the security and peace of 90% of the world is being jeopardized by the remaining 10%. Why the U.S. finally entered the war 27I 1 Garraty, American Nation, p. 765. Nash and Jeffrey, American People, p. 859. 2 1 The bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese galvanized pro-war sentiment in the U.S. B. The Major Players and Places 28B & C 1. Douglas MacArthur—commander of American forces in the Pacific theater MacArthur 2. 3. 4. Eisenhower Rommel Dwight D. Eisenhower—commander of the Allied forces in Europe Erwin Rommel—a.k.a., the “Desert Fox”; led the German Afrika Korps in North Africa, particularly Tunisia; know for his bold and clever strikes against the Allies; he finally left Africa in March 1943 giving the allies their 1 st breakthrough Areas of the world in which most of the fighting occurred a. Europe 28B b. The Pacific 28C The European Theater The Pacific Theater 5. C. Military Operations a. The strategy of Operation Torch 28B 1. Invasion of North Africa followed by. . . 2. Advances in the Mediterranean area b. Why the Allied victory in North Africa was significant 28B 1. It opened the Mediterranean Sea to Allied shipping 2. It made invasion of southern Europe possible c. Other victories helping the Allied cause 28C 1. Coral Sea 2. Midway 3. Guadalcanal The War at Home 28A 2 “With incredible swiftness, the nation mobilized its military and industrial strength. . . . The nation’s factories were sending a vast stream of war supplies to more than twenty countries.” 3 The Players 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Office of War Mobilization--cleared bottlenecks that slowed the functioning of various federal agencies 28A-1 Office of Price Administration--set price ceilings on most items War Manpower Commission--determined which industries needed employees the most 28A-1 National War Labor Board--helped settle labor disputes quickly and encouraged the growth of unions by supporting the Wagner Act 28A-1 Philip Randolph Randolph was head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; threatened to lead a march on Washington, D. C. in protest of prejudice of AfricanAmerican workers 6. Executive Order 8802--banned discrimination in all government agencies, in job training programs, and in all companies doing business with the federal government 27H-4 CHANGES IN WARTIME AMERICA 28A Examples of how industry converted to wartime production 1. Shirt factories produced mosquito netting 2. Auto factories manufactured tanks, trucks, personnel carriers, and aircraft Reasons for U. S. economic growth during the war 1. Workers’ wages increased 2. Unemployment dropped as a result of wartime production How Americans supported the war effort 1. Growing “victory gardens” 2. Waged “scrap” rubber and “scrap” iron drives 3. Used ration coupons 4. Women joined civilian work force in record numbers Economic gains made by women and minorities during the war years 1. Women a. Piloted airplanes b. Repaired airplanes and vehicles c. Drove trucks d. Operated radios e. Did clerical work and technical work of various types f. Found employment in war industries 3 America, p. 818. 3 “Rosie the Riveter” became the national symbol for the women who entered the work force in huge numbers. These female laborers replaced the thousands of young men who enlisted or were drafted during the war years. These women often assumed traditionally male occupations. RQ26 Many Americans expressed their patriotism through the purchase of war bonds (upper left). Promotional campaigns like the one advertised in the period postcard above proved quite successful in helping the generate funding to pay for the war effort. Meanwhile, the unemployment of the Depression years drastically diminished (right). Economic gains made by women and minorities during the war years 2. Blacks 26A a. Employment opportunities increased b. Enjoyed increased social acceptance c. Made economic gains in both the North and South Why people during war years were more willing to tolerate government decisions and denial of citizens’ rights 28A-3 Japanese Concentration Camps Americans tolerated violations of civil rights because they believed that national security was at stake. The most flagrant instance of this departure from national history was the forcible relocation of Japanese immigrants from the West Coast to states in the interior. Many naturalized U.S. citizens of Japanese descent found their lives ruined as they lost homes, careers, and the accumulated capital of decades. Only in recent years has the U.S. government moved to rectify the injustices imposed on this minority group during the war years. D. Geography of the War 1. Sicily 2. Anzio 3. Stalingrad 4. 5. 6. 7. English Channel Normandy New Guinea Philippine Islands 4 German military leadership enjoyed conspicuous success in the early war years. Herman Goering’s Luftwaffe, along with the Panzer units of the Wehrmacht rolled over virtually all opposition. The latter war years proved more challenging for Germany. When Hitler failed to bomb Britain into submission in 1940 (the celebrated “Battle of Britain”), he made the same fatal error that Napoleon Bonaparte had made a century and a quarter earlier: invade Russia. Disregarding his earlier alliance with Joseph Stalin, Hitler sent his army east in search of lebensraum—living space—that the German people could enjoy over future generations of the anticipated “Thousand Year Reich.” If the German divisions were successful in their early intrusions onto Russian soil, they met with the same fate as Napoleon’s Grand Armée. The rapid German advanced bogged down. At the bloody Battle for Stalingrad, the Germans foundered. Thereafter, the Soviet Red Army began driving German divisions back toward Berlin where, in the spring of 1945, they occupied the German capital and bought an end to the war. E. The Players, Plays, and Terms 1. Joseph Stalin 28B Premier of the Soviet Union; wanted massive supplies, territorial concessions in Eastern Europe and a 2nd front in western Europe. 2. 3. Operation Overlord--code name for Allied invasion of Western Europe D-Day--6:30 a.m., June 6th, 1944 (largest amphibious invasion in history) 5 Supreme command of the Allied armies went to Dwight Eisenhower. At right, he encourages an American G.I. about to participate in the June 6, 1944 Normandy invasion. The Allied invasion force successfully stormed the Normandy beaches and set in motion a train of military events that would lead to the liberation of France and the ultimate surrender of Hitler’s Third Reich. 4. Chester Nimitz Admiral Nimitz was the U.S. naval commander in the Pacific. 5. 6. F. G. H. I. Amphibious landing--landing made by sea Leap-frogging--taking only the strategic Japanese-held islands and bypassing other more strongly fortified ones Why did Mussolini fail? The Allied invasion of Sicily and then Italy What Stalin wanted from the West 1. Massive supplies 3. Second front in W. Europe 2. Territorial concessions in Eastern Europe What was necessary for success on June 6, 1944 1. Huge reserve of supplies 2. Secrecy 3. Clear weather Allied Diplomacy and American Politics 1. Big Three 28D-2 1. 2. 3. 2. Winston Churchill, U.K. Franklin Roosevelt, U.S.A Joseph Stalin, U.S.S.R. Chiang Kai-Shek--leader of Nationalist China 6 Chiang Kai-Shek (left) was the leader of Nationalist China and the Kuomintang. Mao Tse-tung (right) led the Chinese communists. In spite of U.S. support for Chiang, Mao would win the postwar struggle for the hearts and minds of the Chinese people. Chiang headed a separate government in Taiwan off the coast of mainland China. 3. United Nations--an international peace-keeping organization 28$ In the summer of 1945, representatives from around the world gathered in San Francisco, California to lay the foundation for the United Nations. The hope was that this lineal descendant of the League of Nations would have greater success that its predecessor. d. Harry S. Truman (below left)--Democratic Vice-president under FDR The election of 1944 brought FDR back to the White House. Winning an unprecedented fourth straight presidential election, Americans were reluctant to change administrations with the war so near an end. Sadly, FDR would live only a few months into his 4th term leaving the presidency to the unlikely person of Truman. e. J. K. Thomas E. Dewey (above right)--Republican governor of New York and presidential candidate in 1944 against FDR. Why FDR re-elected in 1944 1. Personal popularity 2. People did not want a change in leadership in midst of the war Promises among the Allies 1. US and UK promised to open a Western front 7 L. 2. USSR promised to open a campaign in the coming spring 3. USSR promised to enter war in Pacific Yalta postwar settlement plan 28D-2 At Yalta, FDR consented to many of Stalin’s demands. These concessions were in large part because Roosevelt believed he would need Russian assistance in bringing the war in the Pacific to a speedy conclusion. 1. 2. 3. 4. Acceptance of many of Stalin’s demands Eastern Europe occupied by Germany to have free elections Germany to have 4 zones of occupation Conference on UN to meet April 1945 “While neither a sellout or a betrayal, as some critics have charged, Yalta was a significant diplomatic victory of the Soviets—one that reflected Russia’s major contribution to a victory in Europe.”4 M. Victory in Europe and Asia 28D Key Names and Terms 1. Holocaust Nazi extermination of 6 million European Jews The Germans applied the same Teutonic efficiency that had made Germany a military and industrial powerhouse to the brutal pursuit of genocide. The Holocaust would inspire an unprecedented postwar immigration from Europe to Palestine by Jews who resolved to form an Israeli nation-state. 2. Manhattan Project--research project to develop the atomic bomb 28C Numerous individuals contributed to the development of America’s atomic weapons program, including J. Robert Oppenheimer (left) and naturalized U.S. citizen Albert Einstein (right) who immigrated from Germany before the organized persecution of Jews began in that country. 4 America, p. 843. 8 Dr. Einstein, who had developed the celebrated theory of relativity (E=mc 2) in the early 20th Century, wrote president Roosevelt a two page letter on August 2, 1939, advising him that nuclear research might have practical application in the construction of an atomic bomb. 3. Hiroshima and Nagasaki--site of first two atomic bombings 28C The Manhattan Project produced the atomic bomb carried by the “Enola Gay” (above), a B-29 that dropped the weapon that reduced the city of Hiroshima to the rubble pictured both right and left. 4. Kamikaze Kamikazes were Japanese suicide pilots who dove into U.S. ships in a plane loaded with explosives. This represented at last ditch effort by Japan to stave off the irresistible tide of the U.S. offensive against its Asian adversary. N. Allies Strategy that defeated Germany in Europe 28B Move slowly to defeat the Germans as completely as possible O. The “Final Solution” to the Jewish Question Hitler’s program to exterminate the Jews in Europe P. The importance of the atomic bomb to the war effort 28C It ended the war against Japan quickly and without great loss of Allied lives. 9 Images of World War II The Iwo Jima Memorial above--it commemorates one of many U.S. military victories in its “island-hopping” campaign on the advance toward the Japanese archipelago. IV. Signing the Instruments of Surrender Above right, the Germans sign the paperwork; above and below, General Douglas MacArthur supervises the unconditional surrender of the Japanese. Conclusion “World War II had a greater impact than the Depression on the future of American life. . . . The nation underwent sweeping social and economic changes at home. . . .When victory came in 1945, the United States was by far the most powerful nation in the world. But instead of the enduring peace that might have permitted a return to a less active foreign policy, the onset of the Cold War with the Soviet Union brought on a new era of tension and conflict. This time the United States could not retreat from responsibility. World War II was a coming of age for American foreign policy.” 5 5 America, pp. 818, 834. 10 The U.S. reached its military potential It had a monopoly on the atomic bomb It had no choice but to be involved in world affairs The war brought industrial recovery and unparalleled prosperity Completely unregulated free enterprise was a thing of the past Big government with huge deficits became the norm 11